ArticleMolecular neurobiology2022
High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Regulates Astrocyte Activation by Modulating the Endocannabinoid System in Parkinson's Disease.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The applications of TMS in brain function assessment and treatment of mental disorders: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Article
- rTMS improves dysphagia by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis in PD mice.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alleviates MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Symptoms by Regulating CaMKII-CREB-BMAL1 Pathway in Mice Model.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
- Role of Astrogliosis in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Insights into Astrocytic Nrf2 Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Contribution of glial cells to the neuroprotective effects triggered by repetitive magnetic stimulation: a systematic review.Neural regeneration research · 2024Review
- Enhanced Parkinson's gait, reduced fall risk, and improved cognitive function through multimodal rehabilitation combined with rivastigmine treatment.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Animal Models.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis and the over-production of proinflammatory factors are key pathogenetic processes in Parkinson's disease (PD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a promising noninvasive technique in treating PD, has been shown to alleviate neuroinflammation. However, high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) rTMS, which one produces better therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects, and the underlying mechanism have yet to be determined. The efficacies of HF, LF, and sham rTMS on the survival of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, improvement of motor function, and downregulation of proinflammatory factors were compared in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. Then we investigated the role of endocannabinoid (eCB) system in the inhibition of astrocyte activation between HF vs LF rTMS. The results showed that HF rTMS daily for 4 weeks produced stronger anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. ECB receptor 2 (CB2R) but not receptor 1 (CB1R) expressions were substantially elevated in the GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes of the rat brains with 6-OHDA or LPS insults. Increased anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were also observed. Interestingly, the elevated CB2R, AEA and 2-AG, and the increased GFAP expression could be all significantly suppressed by HF rTMS, but not by LF rTMS. This effect was also confirmed in cell culture. Of note, selective agonism of CB2R was able to reverse HF rTMS-mediated activation of extracellular regulated kinase1/2 (Erk1/2) and suppression of GFAP expression, while selective antagonism of CB2R sustained these effects. This study indicates that the modulation of eCB/CB2R is a potential mechanism for the greater effectiveness of HF rTMS on the inhibition of astrogliosis.
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