ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2023
Host-directed immunotherapy of viral and bacterial infections: past, present and future.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systemic cytokines drive conserved severity-associated myeloid responses across bacterial and viral infections.Communications biology · 2025Pooled it
- The potential of IFN-λ, IL-32γ, IL-6, and IL-22 as safeguards against human viruses: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Adjunctive ibuprofen in pre-extensively drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a phase IIA open-label pilot clinical trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- The Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitor Etoricoxib as Adjunctive Therapy in Tuberculosis Impairs Macrophage Control of Mycobacterial Growth.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Lyophilized bacteria-infected tumor cells for targeted immunotherapy of lung metastases and associated fibrosis.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Convergent evolution of immune evasion in ESKAPE pathogens: A cross-pathogen architecture of conserved host-defense checkpoints.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2026Review
- A recent review on smart dressings for chronic wound management: from diagnosis to therapy.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Antigen-experienced airway CD8Science advances · 2026Article
- Dual-engineering metalloimmunotherapy mediatesBioactive materials · 2026Article
- Exploration of the protein and pharmacological landscape of monkeypox virus treatment: from entry point to end point.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- Programmable Encapsulation Enables On-Demand Proliferation of Therapeutic Bacteria for Potent Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Leading to Pneumonia Pathogenesis.Clinics in chest medicine · 2026Review
- Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential of Vanadium-Based MXenes for Biomedical Applications.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: Adaptation, Persistence, and Clinical Implications ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- cJun-assisted loading of RelA DNA-binding promotes synergistic lung epithelial antimicrobial responses.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Bacterial reporter-paired scRNA sequencing reveals cross talk between zinc starvation and zinc toxicity in macrophage antibacterial defense.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Rab14 restricts pathogens by promoting V-ATPase lysosomal delivery to drive lysosomal acidification.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Lung organoids as a human system for Mycobacteria infection modeling and drug testing.The FEBS journal · 2026Review
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The advent of COVID-19 and the persistent threat of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, influenza and HIV/AIDS remind us of the marked impact that infections continue to have on public health. Some of the most effective protective measures are vaccines but these have been difficult to develop for some of these infectious diseases even after decades of research. The development of drugs and immunotherapies acting directly against the pathogen can be equally challenging, and such pathogen-directed therapeutics have the potential disadvantage of selecting for resistance. An alternative approach is provided by host-directed therapies, which interfere with host cellular processes required for pathogen survival or replication, or target the host immune response to infection (immunotherapies) to either augment immunity or ameliorate immunopathology. Here, we provide a historical perspective of host-directed immunotherapeutic interventions for viral and bacterial infections and then focus on SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, two major human pathogens of the current era, to indicate the key lessons learned and discuss candidate immunotherapeutic approaches, with a focus on drugs currently in clinical trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.