ArticleNature communications2022
Temporal changes in gastrointestinal fungi and the risk of autoimmunity during early childhood: the TEDDY study.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Saccharomycetes and Malassezia fungi associate with early-life gut maturation and allergic disease risk in childhood.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Yeast infections in sterile body fluids: species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and cross-cutting risk factors for fungemia, sepsis, and mortality (2019-2023).Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Gene-Environment Interactions in Celiac Disease: The Role of the Intestinal Epithelium.Lifestyle genomics · 2026Review
- Recent advances in the positive role ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The pediatric oral mycobiome: a comprehensive review of its role in health and disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Maternal consumption of urbanized diet compromises early-life health in association with gut microbiota.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Neonatal microbiome in the multiomics era: development and its impact on long-term health.Pediatric research · 2025Review
- Microbiota-mediated mechanisms of mucosal immunity across the lifespan.Nature immunology · 2025Review
- Microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms of disease and therapeutic opportunities.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Unfolding the Mystery of Autoimmunity: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Intestinal fungi biogeography, succession and its association with diarrhea in pigs.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Gut Mycobiome: Latest Findings and Current Knowledge Regarding Its Significance in Human Health and Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Neonatal fungi promote lifelong metabolic health through macrophage-dependent β cell development.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Composition, Influencing Factors, and Effects on Host Nutrient Metabolism of Fungi in Gastrointestinal Tract of Monogastric Animals.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Article
- Gut mycobiome maturation and its determinants during early childhood: a comparison of ITS2 amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing approaches.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- ControllingInfection and immunity · 2024Review
- Neonatal Gut Mycobiome: Immunity, Diversity of Fungal Strains, and Individual and Non-Individual Factors.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Non-Host Factors Influencing Onset and Severity of Celiac Disease.Gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 12 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major health problem that often begin in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbe interactions in early childhood are critical for proper immune responses, yet there is little known about the development of the fungal population from infancy into childhood. Here, as part of the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study, we examine stool samples of 888 children from 3 to 48 months and find considerable differences between fungi and bacteria. The metagenomic relative abundance of fungi was extremely low but increased while weaning from milk and formula. Overall fungal diversity remained constant over time, in contrast with the increase in bacterial diversity. Fungal profiles had high temporal variation, but there was less variation from month-to-month in an individual than among different children of the same age. Fungal composition varied with geography, diet, and the use of probiotics. Multiple Candida spp. were at higher relative abundance in children than adults, while Malassezia and certain food-associated fungi were lower in children. There were only subtle fungal differences associated with the subset of children that developed islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes. Having proper fungal exposures may be crucial for children to establish appropriate responses to fungi and limit the risk of infection: the data here suggests those gastrointestinal exposures are limited and variable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.