ArticleBMC infectious diseases2022
Survival probability and factors associated with time to loss to follow-up and mortality among patients on antiretroviral treatment in central Kenya.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among HIV infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Incidence and predictors of lost to follow-up in "test and treat era" among adults on ART in Eastern Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Predicting patient dropout: a nomogram for loss to follow-up afterFrontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Risk factors for early mortality among HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopian health facilities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A competing risk analysis of predictors of time to lost to follow-up among adults with TB/HIV coinfection in Bahir Dar.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identifying risk factors for loss to follow-up in adults living with HIV in a high-burden district in Ghana.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Survival and Its Determinants of HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Two National Referral Hospitals in Eritrea: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Rate and predictors of loss to follow-up in HIV care in a low-resource setting: analyzing critical risk periods.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Optimizing HIV case identification: investigating client characteristics predictive of HIV positivity from provider-initiated testing (PITC) in central Kenya.BMC health services research · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRetention of patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a challenge especially in the setting of rapid expansion of HIV services. Retention in care remains vital to the HIV care continuum, and has been associated with viral suppression and improved survival. This study aimed to ascertain survival rates, time to loss to follow-up (LTFU) or mortality events and factors associated with time to LTFU or mortality among patients enrolled on antiretroviral therapy at health facilities in central Kenya.
methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study among patients initiated on ART between 2004 and 2012 in central Kenya. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and outcomes data were analyzed using Stata version 15.1. Competing risks regression analysis and cummulative incidence functions were used to estimate survival.
resultsA total of 31,346 patients were included, of whom 65.6% were female, 76.0% were aged between 20 and 50 years old, and 38.9% were diagnosed at WHO stage III. At 36 months, overall retention was 68.8%, LTFU was 27.1%, and mortality was 4.1%. The total person-years of follow up was 74,986. The incidence rate of LTFU was 9.99 per 100 person years for a total of 9383.25 person-years of follow up. The mortality rate was 1.25 per 100 person years for a total of 875.5 person-years among those who died. The median time to LTFU was 11 months (IQR 3-22) while median time to death was 3 months (IQR 0-13). Men, unmarried patients, patients presenting with advanced HIV, not on TB treatment, and enrolled into the HIV program in later cohorts, had a shorter time to mortality and LTFU.
conclusionOur study demonstrated evidence of scale-up of HIV treatment programs in central Kenya. While most patients were enrolled at an advanced WHO clinical stage, overall 36-month mortality remained low, but occurred earlier during follow-up. Cohort LTFU at 36-months reduced in later years with the losses occurring within the 1st year of follow-up. Predictors of early mortality and LTFU included being male, single, separated or divorced, advanced WHO clinical stage, and among patients not on TB treatment.
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