ArticleHealth affairs (Project Hope)2022
Frequency Of Indirect Billing To Medicare For Nurse Practitioner And Physician Assistant Office Visits.
Article in Health affairs (Project Hope), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reclassifying Primary Care: A Decision Tree Approach to Improving Workforce Estimates and Research Using Claims Data.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- The Scope of Care Coordination for Older Adults Whose Dominant Provider Is a Nurse Practitioner Versus a Primary Care Physician.Medical care · 2026Article
- Buprenorphine prescribing is increasingly delivered by primary care nurse practitioners to Medicaid beneficiaries.Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · 2026Article
- The cost of indirect billing for traditional Medicare beneficiaries.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- The Changing Landscape of the Providers of Home-Based Medical Care in Traditional Medicare.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- The National Dementia Workforce Study: Methods for Surveying Community Clinicians Who Provide Care to People With Dementia.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Employment of Independently Billing Advanced Practice Clinicians.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Tracking Changes in Primary Care Clinicians' Medicaid Participation Using Novel Methods.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Neighborhood Determinants of Primary Care Access in Virginia.Annals of family medicine · 2025Article
- Quantifying Indirect Billing Within the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Clinician type and care setting for treatment of Medicare beneficiaries with dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communities With Primary Care Practices With Nurse Practitioners.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Response to Letter to the Editor Responding to "Conscience-Based Barriers to Medical Aid in Dying: A Survey of Colorado Physicians".Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- An unclear partnership: key questions about physician and advanced practice provider collaboration in primary care.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Varying Estimates of Social Workers in the United States: Which Data Source to Use?Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2024Article
- The Association Between Oncology Outreach and Timely Treatment for Rural Patients with Breast Cancer: A Claims-Based Approach.Annals of surgical oncology · 2024Article
- "Not what we signed up for": Nurse shortages, physician scarcity, and time for collective bargaining?World medical & health policy · 2024Article
- State scope of practice restrictions and nurse practitioner practice in nursing homes: 2012-2019.Health affairs scholar · 2024Article
- Estimating the Primary Care Workforce for Medicare Beneficiaries Using an Activity-Based Approach.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Observational
- Provision of evaluation and management visits by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the USA from 2013 to 2019: cross-sectional time series study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) represent a growing share of the health care workforce, but much of the care they provide cannot be observed in claims data because of indirect (or "incident to") billing, a practice in which visits provided by an NP or PA are billed by a supervising physician. If NPs and PAs bill directly for a visit, Medicare and many private payers pay 85 percent of what is paid to a physician for the same service. Some policy makers have proposed eliminating indirect billing, but the possible impact of such a change is unknown. Using a novel approach that relies on prescriptions to identify indirectly billed visits, we estimated that the number of all NP or PA visits in fee-for-service Medicare data billed indirectly was 10.9 million in 2010 and 30.6 million in 2018. Indirect billing was more common in states with laws restricting NPs' scope of practice. Eliminating indirect billing would have saved Medicare roughly $194 million in 2018, with the greatest decrease in revenue seen among smaller primary care practices, which are more likely to use this form of billing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.