Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35665489›Full record

ArticleBirth defects research2023

Risk of birth defects by pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011.

Stephanie L Marchincin, Meredith M Howley, Alissa R Van Zutphen, Sarah C Fisher, Eirini Nestoridi, Sarah C Tinker, Marilyn L Browne, National Birth Defects Prevention Study

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Birth defects research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
1.3field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Maternal Smoking and Preterm Birth Among Infants With Orofacial Clefts.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Stephanie L MarchincinBirth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7984-5393
Meredith M HowleyBirth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-5040
Alissa R Van ZutphenBirth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
Sarah C FisherBirth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4702-1007
Eirini NestoridiMassachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Sarah C TinkerNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7610-6288
Marilyn L BrowneBirth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
National Birth Defects Prevention Study
New York State Department of Health · USCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · US

Funding

BD-STEPS II (Birth Defects Study To Evaluate Pregnancy exposures) - Core (Component A) & Steps Stillbirth (Component B)U01DD001224 · DD · MASSACHUSETTS STATE DEPT OF PUB HEALTH · PI MITCHELL, ALLEN A, YAZDY, MAHSA M · 2018 to 2022
$6.5M
CDC HHSEPA EP-D-18-001HSRD VA CDP 13-003Intramural CDC HHS CC999999NCBDD CDC HHS U01 DD001224NCBDD CDC HHS U01 DD001227
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious studies found consistent associations between pregestational diabetes and birth defects. Given the different biological mechanisms for type 1 (PGD1) and type 2 (PGD2) diabetes, we used National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) data to estimate associations by diabetes type.

methodsThe NBDPS was a study of major birth defects that included pregnancies with estimated delivery dates from October 1997 to December 2011. We compared self-reported PGD1 and PGD2 for 29,024 birth defect cases and 10,898 live-born controls. For case groups with ≥5 exposed cases, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between specific defects and each diabetes type. We calculated crude ORs (cORs) and 95% CIs with Firth's penalized likelihood for case groups with 3-4 exposed cases.

resultsOverall, 252 (0.9%) cases and 24 (0.2%) control mothers reported PGD1, and 357 (1.2%) cases and 34 (0.3%) control mothers reported PGD2. PGD1 was associated with 22/26 defects examined and PGD2 was associated with 29/39 defects examined. Adjusted ORs ranged from 1.6 to 70.4 for PGD1 and from 1.6 to 59.9 for PGD2. We observed the strongest aORs for sacral agenesis (PGD1: 70.4, 32.3-147; PGD2: 59.9, 25.4-135). For both PGD1 and PGD2, we observed elevated aORs in every body system we evaluated, including central nervous system, orofacial, eye, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiac defects.

conclusionsWe observed positive associations between both PGD1 and PGD2 and birth defects across multiple body systems. Future studies should focus on the role of glycemic control in birth defect risk to inform prevention efforts.

Indexed as

Abnormalities, MultipleDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Nervous System MalformationsFemaleHumansPregnancyProstaglandin D2Risk FactorsProstaglandin D2birth defectcase-control studypregestational diabetestype 1 diabetestype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID35665489
PMCPMC10582790
OpenAlexW4281641203

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.