Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35664995›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2022

A global systematic analysis of the occurrence, severity, and recovery pattern of long COVID in 2020 and 2021.

Sarah Wulf Hanson, Cristiana Abbafati, Joachim G Aerts, Ziyad Al-Aly, Charlie Ashbaugh, Tala Ballouz, Oleg Blyuss, Polina Bobkova, Gouke Bonsel, Svetlana Borzakova and 118 more

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Observational
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

128 authors at 20 institutions in 21 countries.

Sarah Wulf HansonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Cristiana AbbafatiDepartment of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Joachim G AertsDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Ziyad Al-AlyJohn T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Charlie AshbaughInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Tala BallouzEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Oleg BlyussWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Polina BobkovaClinical Medicine (Pediatric profile), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Gouke BonselEuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Svetlana BorzakovaPirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Danilo BuonsensoDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Denis ButnaruI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Austin CarterInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Helen ChuDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Cristina De RoseDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Mohamed Mustafa DiabThe Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Emil EkbomUppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
Maha El TantawiPediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Victor FominRector's Office, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Robert FrithiofDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Aysylu GamirovaClinical Medicine (General Medicine profile), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Petr V GlybochkoAdministration Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Juanita A HaagsmaDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Shaghayegh Haghjooy JavanmardApplied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Erin B HamiltonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Gabrielle HarrisSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Majanka H Heijenbrok-KalDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Raimund HelbokDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Merel E HellemonsDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
David HillusDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Susanne M HuijtsDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Michael HultströmDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Waasila JassatDepartment of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Florian KurthDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Ing-Marie LarssonDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Miklós LipcseyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Chelsea LiuDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
Callan D LoflinSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Andrei MalinovschiDepartment of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Wenhui MaoThe Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Lyudmila MazankovaRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Denise McCullochDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Dominik MengesEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Noushin MohammadifardIsfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Daniel MunblitDepartment of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Nikita A NekliudovClinical Medicine (General Medicine profile), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Osondu OgbuojiDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Ismail M OsmanovZA Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia.
José L PeñalvoDepartment of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
Maria Skaalum PetersenDepartment of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.
Milo A PuhanDepartment of Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Mujibur RahmanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Verena RassDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Nickolas ReinigInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Gerard M RibbersDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Antonia Ricchiutoepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Sten RubertssonDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Elmira SamitovaZA Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia.
Nizal SarrafzadeganIsfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Anastasia ShikhalevaClinical Medicine (Pediatric profile), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Kyle E SimpsonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Dario SinattiDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Joan B Soriano(Princess University Hospital), Autonomous University of Madrid, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
Ekaterina SpiridonovaClinical Medicine (General Medicine profile), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Fridolin SteinbeisDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Andrey A SvistunovAdministration Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Piero ValentiniDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Brittney J van de WaterDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
Rita van den Berg-EmonsDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Ewa WallinDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Martin WitzenrathDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Yifan WuInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Hanzhang XuDepartment of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Thomas ZollerDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Christopher AdolphDepartment of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
James AlbrightInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Joanne O AmlagInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Aleksandr Y AravkinDepartment of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Bree L Bang-JensenInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Catherine BisignanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Rachel CastellanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Emma CastroInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Suman ChakrabartiInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
James K CollinsInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Xiaochen DaiInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Farah DaoudInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Carolyn DapperInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Amanda DeenInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Bruce B DuncanPostgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Megan EricksonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Samuel B EwaldInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Alize J FerrariSchool of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Abraham D FlaxmanInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Nancy FullmanInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Amiran GamkrelidzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
John R GilesInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Gaorui GuoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Simon I HayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jiawei HeInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Monika HelakInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Erin N HullandInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Maia KereselidzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Kris J KrohnInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Alice Lazzar-AtwoodInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Akiaja LindstromSchool of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Rafael LozanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Beatrice MagistroMunk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Deborah Carvalho MaltaDepartment of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Johan MånssonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ana M Mantilla HerreraWest Moreton Hospital Health Services, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.
Ali H MokdadInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Lorenzo MonastaClinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
Shuhei NomuraDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Maja PasovicInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
David M PigottInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Robert C ReinerInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Grace ReinkeInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Antonio Luiz P RibeiroDepartment of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Damian Francesco SantomauroPolicy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.
Aleksei SholokhovInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Emma Elizabeth SpurlockInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Rebecca WalcottEvans School of Public Policy & Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ally WalkerInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Charles Shey WiysongeCochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Peng ZhengInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Janet Prvu BettgerDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Christopher Jl MurrayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Theo VosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
University of Washington · USSechenov University · RUUppsala University · SEDuke University · USErasmus MC · NLAgostino Gemelli University Polyclinic · ITCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin · DEThe University of Queensland · AUIsfahan University of Medical Sciences · IRInnsbruck Medical University · ATNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health · GEPirogov Russian National Research Medical University · RURussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education · RUUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais · BRUniversity of Zurich · CHAlexandria University · EGBangladesh Medical University · BDBoston University · USCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias · ESCodarts Rotterdam · NL

Funding

Research Project 3U54MD012530 · NIMHD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI JOHNSON, KIMBERLY S. · 2017 to 2022
$8.8M
A Patient-Centered Approach for Addressing Access to Care to Improve Outcomes in Heart Failure PatientsR21AG061142 · NIA · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI DUPRE, MATTHEW E. · 2019 to 2020
$443k
Household contact tuberculosis preventive therapy program in rural Eastern Cape, South AfricaK23NR019019 · NINR · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI VAN DE WATER, BRITTNEY JAYNE · 2020 to 2022
$440k
An Innovative Approach for Understanding Trajectories of Medication Adherence in Patients with Heart FailureR03AG064303 · NIA · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI XU, HANZHANG · 2020 to 2021
$161k
NIA NIH HHS R03 AG064303NIA NIH HHS R21 AG061142NIMHD NIH HHS U54 MD012530NINR NIH HHS K23 NR019019
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance: While much of the attention on the COVID-19 pandemic was directed at the daily counts of cases and those with serious disease overwhelming health services, increasingly, reports have appeared of people who experience debilitating symptoms after the initial infection. This is popularly known as long COVID. Objective: To estimate by country and territory of the number of patients affected by long COVID in 2020 and 2021, the severity of their symptoms and expected pattern of recovery. Design: We jointly analyzed ten ongoing cohort studies in ten countries for the occurrence of three major symptom clusters of long COVID among representative COVID cases. The defining symptoms of the three clusters (fatigue, cognitive problems, and shortness of breath) are explicitly mentioned in the WHO clinical case definition. For incidence of long COVID, we adopted the minimum duration after infection of three months from the WHO case definition. We pooled data from the contributing studies, two large medical record databases in the United States, and findings from 44 published studies using a Bayesian meta-regression tool. We separately estimated occurrence and pattern of recovery in patients with milder acute infections and those hospitalized. We estimated the incidence and prevalence of long COVID globally and by country in 2020 and 2021 as well as the severity-weighted prevalence using disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease study. Results: Analyses are based on detailed information for 1906 community infections and 10526 hospitalized patients from the ten collaborating cohorts, three of which included children. We added published data on 37262 community infections and 9540 hospitalized patients as well as ICD-coded medical record data concerning 1.3 million infections. Globally, in 2020 and 2021, 144.7 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 54.8-312.9) people suffered from any of the three symptom clusters of long COVID. This corresponds to 3.69% (1.38-7.96) of all infections. The fatigue, respiratory, and cognitive clusters occurred in 51.0% (16.9-92.4), 60.4% (18.9-89.1), and 35.4% (9.4-75.1) of long COVID cases, respectively. Those with milder acute COVID-19 cases had a quicker estimated recovery (median duration 3.99 months [IQR 3.84-4.20]) than those admitted for the acute infection (median duration 8.84 months [IQR 8.10-9.78]). At twelve months, 15.1% (10.3-21.1) continued to experience long COVID symptoms. Conclusions and relevance: The occurrence of debilitating ongoing symptoms of COVID-19 is common. Knowing how many people are affected, and for how long, is important to plan for rehabilitative services and support to return to social activities, places of learning, and the workplace when symptoms start to wane. Key Points:

Identifiers

PMID35664995
PMCPMC9164454
OpenAlexW4281724420

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.