ArticleSkin health and disease2021
Is urinary incontinence associated with lichen sclerosus in females? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in Skin health and disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urinary Incontinence Among Female Patients with Lichen Sclerosus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2026Review
- Cytokine Networks in Lichen Sclerosus: A Roadmap for Diagnosis and Treatment?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Barriers to diagnosing and treating vulval lichen sclerosus: a survey study.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Fractional COLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Lichen Sclerosus: A Current Landscape of Autoimmune and Genetic Interplay.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a scarring chronic inflammatory disease with a predilection for genital skin in both sexes. The aetiology of LS is controversial, but evidence increasingly suggests that the occluded exposure of susceptible epithelium to urine is involved in the pathogenesis of genital LS in males. This theory has not yet been robustly investigated in females. Objectives: This review and meta-analysis examined whether there is an association between urinary incontinence (UI) and genital lichen LS in females. Methods: We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL to identify observational studies assessing the prevalence of UI in females with LS. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models were used to estimate the overall pooled prevalence and risk ratio compared to controls. Heterogeneity was assessed. Results: In total, eight studies met the inclusion criteria and five studies were included in a meta-analysis. Three studies were graded as moderate quality and five were poor. The pooled prevalence for UI in LS was 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.58, Conclusion: There appears to be no difference between patients with LS and those without LS in terms of UI. Studies are limited by clinical and methodological quality and heterogeneity is high. Well-designed prospective studies are needed.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.