Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35664191›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in psychology2022

Factors Associated With Highest Symptoms of Anxiety During COVID-19: Cross-Cultural Study of 23 Countries.

Valentina N Burkova, Marina L Butovskaya, Ashley K Randall, Julija N Fedenok, Khodabakhsh Ahmadi, Ahmad M Alghraibeh, Fathil Bakir Mutsher Allami, Fadime Suata Alpaslan, Mohammad Ahmad Abdelaziz Al-Zu'bi, Kholoud Imhammad Meqbel Al-Mseidin and 40 more

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Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

50 authors.

Valentina N BurkovaCenter of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Marina L ButovskayaCenter of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Ashley K RandallCounseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
Julija N FedenokCenter of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Khodabakhsh AhmadiBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ahmad M AlghraibehDepartment of Psychology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fathil Bakir Mutsher AllamiPhysical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq.
Fadime Suata AlpaslanDepartment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Mohammad Ahmad Abdelaziz Al-Zu'biDepartment of Early Childhood, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan.
Kholoud Imhammad Meqbel Al-MseidinDepartment of Educational and Psychological Counselling, Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan.
Derya Fatma BiçerDepartment of Business Administration, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
Hakan CetinkayaDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Yaşar University, İzmir, Turkey.
Oana Alexandra DavidDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Silvia DonatoDepartment of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.
Seda DuralDepartment of Psychology, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey.
Paige EricksonDepartment of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States.
Alexey M ErmakovFaculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
Berna ErtuğrulDepartment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Emmanuel Abiodun FayankinnuDepartment of Sociology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria.
Maryanne L FisherDepartment of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada.
Fakir Al GharaibehResearch Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences and Department of Sociology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Lauren HockerCounseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
Ivana HromatkoDepartment of Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Elena KasparovaDepartment of Pedagogy and Problems of Education Development, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
Alexander KavinaDepartment of History, St John's University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania.
Yahya M KhatatbehDepartment of Psychology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Hareesol Khun-InkeereeFaculty of Education, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
Kai M KlineCounseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
Fırat KoçDepartment of Anthropology, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey.
Vladimir KolodkinFaculty of Media Communications and Multimedia Technologies, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
Melanie MacEacheronSchool of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
Irma Rachmawati MarufPasundan University, Bandung, Indonesia.
Norbert MeskóDepartment for General and Evolutionary Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
Ruzan MkrtchyanDepartment of Cultural Studies, Faculty of History, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia.
Poppy Setiawati NurisnaenyState Intelligence College, Bogor, Indonesia.
Oluyinka OjedokunDepartment of Pure & Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria.
Damilola AdebayoDepartment of Pure & Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria.
Mohd S B Omar-FauzeeSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Barıs ÖzenerDepartment of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Edna Lúcia Tinoco PoncianoInstitute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Muhammad RizwanDepartment of Psychology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan.
Agnieszka SabiniewiczDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Victoriya I SpodinaDepartment of History and Ethnology, Ob-Ugric Institute of Applied Researches and Development, Pasundan University, Bandung, Indonesia.
Stanislava StoyanovaDepartment of Psychology, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria.
Nachiketa TripathiDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India.
Satwik UpadhyayDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India.
Carol WeisfeldDepartment of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States.
Mohd Faiz Mohd YaakobSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Mat Rahimi YusofSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Raushaniia I ZinurovaInstitute of Innovation Management, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people's lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was collected from May to August 2020 (5 June 2020). The sample included 15,375 participants from 23 countries: (seven from Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia; 11 from West, South and Southeast Asia: Armenia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey; two African: Nigeria and Tanzania; and three from North, South, and Central America: Brazil, Canada, United States). Level of anxiety was measured by means of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 20-item first part of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Respondents were also asked about their personal experiences with COVID-19, attitudes toward measures introduced by governments, changes in attitudes toward migrants during a pandemic, family income, isolation conditions, etc. The factor analysis revealed that four factors explained 45.08% of variance in increase of anxiety, and these components were interpreted as follows: (1) personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, (2) personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, (3) personal trust in official sources, (4) personal experience with COVID-19. Three out of four factors demonstrated strong associations with both scales of anxiety: high level of anxiety was significantly correlated with high level of personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, low level of personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, and high level of presence of personal experience with COVID-19. Our study revealed significant main effects of sex, country, and all four factors on the level of anxiety. It was demonstrated that countries with higher levels of anxiety assessed the real danger of a pandemic as higher, and had more personal experience with COVID-19. Respondents who trusted the government demonstrated lower levels of anxiety. Finally, foreigners were perceived as the cause of epidemic spread.

Indexed as

anxietyCOVID-19cross-culturalpersonal awarenesspersonal experiencepersonal trust in official sources

Identifiers

PMID35664191
PMCPMC9162123

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