ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Hyper-Reflecting Foci in Multiple Sclerosis Retina Associate With Macrophage/Microglia-Derived Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optical coherence tomography biomarkers as outcome predictors to guide dexamethasone implant use in patients with iERM: a randomized controlled trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Inner Plexiform Layer Microstructure Is Altered in Multiple Sclerosis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Hyperreflective Foci in the Inner Nuclear Layer: Proof-of-Concept for an Optical Coherence Tomography Derived Microglia-Related Marker in Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Quantitative assessment of hyperreflective dots in the outer nuclear layer over neovascular lesion components.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- The cytokine signature in multiple sclerosis: a study during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The clinical relevance of hyper-reflective foci in the inner retina at the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.Neurological research and practice · 2025Article
- Article
- Inner retinal hyper-reflective foci number correlates with flood-illumination adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy grading and systemic organ involvement in patients with Fabry disease.Eye (London, England) · 2025Observational
- Photoreceptor loss does not recruit neutrophils despite strong microglial activation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Hyperreflective Retinal Foci (HRF): Definition and Role of an Invaluable OCT Sign.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Retinal Hyperreflective Foci Are Biomarkers of Ocular Disease: A Scoping Review With Evidence From Humans and Insights From Animal Models.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Hyperreflective retinal foci are associated with retinal degeneration after optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Reveals Hyperreflective Foci Characteristics in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Hyper-reflective foci changes in RRMS under natalizumab therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Microglia: The breakthrough to treat neovascularization and repair blood-retinal barrier in retinopathy.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Review
- Association of the retinal vasculature, intrathecal immunity, and disability in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Observational
- Hyper-reflective retinal foci as possible in vivo imaging biomarker of microglia activation in von Hippel-Lindau disease.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence suggests that retinal hyper-reflecting foci (HRF) might be clusters of activated and proliferating microglia. Since microglia are widespread activated in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain, its evaluation in retina may help to understand and monitor MS-related pathology. Aim: This study aims at investigating the association of HRF with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines and MRI parameters in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Methods: Nineteen RRMS at clinical onset and 15 non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND) underwent brain 3T MRI and CSF examination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis, including HRF count, was performed on RRMS patients. Sixty-nine cytokines/chemokines were analyzed in the CSF by multiplex technology. Results: In RRMS, HRF count in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) was associated with IL-1Ra, IL-9, IL-15, IFN-γ, and G-CSF. Moreover, in RRMS patients CSF concentrations of IL-1Ra and G-CSF associated with global cortical thickness. The HRF count in the inner nuclear layer (INL) correlated with IL-22, IL-34, IL-35, CXCL-2, CXCL-10, and CXCL-13, and multivariate analysis confirmed a strong association (r Conclusions: The association of HRF with intrathecally produced monocyte/microglia-derived cytokines confirms their microglial origin and indicates they are worth further evaluating as markers of activated microglia.
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