ReviewBritish journal of cancer2022
Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them.
Review in British journal of cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Article
- Breaking adaptive oncogenic resistance in glioblastoma via targeting the EGFR-STAT3 axis.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Beyond the blood-brain barrier: humanised mice, the missing link in glioblastoma research.Oncogene · 2026Review
- Pilot report of an anti-PD-1/VEGF bispecific antibody for treating recurrent H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline gliomas.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Overcoming resistance in glioblastoma immunotherapy: lessons from the past and opportunities for the future.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- CSF1R inhibitor C19 for glioma immunotherapy enabled by brain-targeting liposomal delivery.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Development of skull-implanted ultrasound for blood-brain barrier opening and drug delivery in neuro-oncology.Neuro-oncology advances · 2026Review
- Injectable thermoresponsive hydrogel scaffold for enhanced delivery of next-generation induced neural stem cells for treatment of glioblastoma.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Trabectedin decreases myeloid resistance to improve the efficacy of anti-PD1 immunotherapy and delay glioma malignant progression.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Brain-Resident MAIT Cells Infiltrate GL261 Tumors, and Activated MAIT Cell Signatures Are Associated With Improved Outcomes in Glioma.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Targeting immunosuppressive network in glioblastoma: Emerging strategies to overcome immunodeficiency and enhance therapeutic efficacy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- When Central Tolerance Fails: Thymic Malignancies at the Intersection of Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity.Cancers · 2026Review
- Injectable thermo-responsive hydrogel scaffold for enhanced delivery of second-generation induced neural stem cells for treatment of glioblastoma.Research square · 2026Article
- STING stimulation via supramolecular prodrug hydrogel boosts innate-adaptive immune cross-talk to prevent glioblastoma recurrence.Science advances · 2026Article
- KITENIN-CCL20 axis is a potential therapeutic target for modulating immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Reconceptualizing glioblastoma immunotherapy: a four-pillar framework to overcome multidimensional resistance.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Reshaping the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Unconventional guardians of the brain: MAIT cells as emerging players in glioblastoma immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumour. The prognosis of patients with glioblastoma is poor, and their overall survival averages at 1 year, despite advances made in cancer therapy. The emergence of immunotherapy, a strategy that targets the natural mechanisms of immune evasion by cancerous cells, has revolutionised the treatment of melanoma, lung cancer and other solid tumours; however, immunotherapy failed to improve the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma. This is attributed to the fact that glioblastoma is endowed with numerous mechanisms of resistance that include the intrinsic resistance, which refers to the location of the tumour within the brain and the nature of the blood-brain barrier, as well as the adaptive and acquired resistance that result from the tumour heterogeneity and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Glioblastoma is notorious for its inter and intratumoral heterogeneity, which, coupled with its spatial and temporal evolution, limits its immunogenicity. In addition, the tumour microenvironment is enriched with immunosuppressive cells and molecules that hinder the reactivity of cytotoxic immune cells and the success of immunotherapies. In this article, we review the mechanisms of resistance of glioblastoma to immunotherapy and discuss treatment strategies to overcome them worthy of further exploration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.