ReviewNeural regeneration research2022
Astrocyte polarization in glaucoma: a new opportunity.
Review in Neural regeneration research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinal glial cells in glaucoma and age-related retinal diseases: Inflammatory responses, disease transitions, and translational perspectives.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Extrinsic Regulation of Optic Nerve Axon Regeneration in the Adult Central Nervous System.Cells · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Macroglia in Glaucoma: Deciphering the Contributions of Astrocytes and Müller Cells to Retinal Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Microglia-mediated synaptic pruning in neural circuit remodeling: multidimensional control in homeostasis and neuropathology.BMC medicine · 2026Review
- SIRT4 Alleviates Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Via Mediating Astrocytes Lipid Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Review
- Wogonin Mitigates Depression by Inhibiting TNF-α/TNFR1/CXCL1 Signalling-Mediated Astrocyte Activation.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Opportunities for Psychoplastogen-Based Therapies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Neobaicalein Alleviates Retinal Damage via Microglia-Mediated Astrocyte Phenotypic Transformation.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Scutellarin Modulates Astrocyte-Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk to Mitigate Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Glial and immune dysregulation in glaucoma independent of retinal ganglion cell loss: a human post-mortem histopathology study.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- The Role of Astrocytes in Poststroke Rehabilitation.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- Preserving blood-retinal barrier integrity: a path to retinal ganglion cell protection in glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy.Cell regeneration (London, England) · 2025Review
- Study on the Polarization of Astrocytes in the Optic Nerve Head of Rats Under High Intraocular Pressure: In Vitro.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Machine Learning-Derived Diverse Regulated Cell Death Patterns for Therapeutic Target Identification in Glaucoma.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Glial-mediated immune modulation in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Astrocytes from lamina cribrosa are involved in the autoregulatory function of optic nerve head vesselsFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- Experimental Myopia Results in Peripapillary Ganglion Cell and Astrocyte Reorganization with No Functional Implications During Early Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Increased Pan-Type, A1-Type, and A2-Type Astrocyte Activation and Upstream Inflammatory Markers Are Induced by the P2X7 Receptor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A novel function and mechanism of ischemia-induced retinal astrocyte-derived exosomes for RGC apoptosis of ischemic retinopathy.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Astrocyte polarization is a new concept which is similar to microglia polarization and in which astrocytes are classified as A1 (neurotoxic) and A2 (neuroprotective). Several studies on astrocyte polarization have focused mainly on neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, and infections. However, the role of astrocyte polarization in glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease, has not been fully explored. In this review, we first describe the characteristics of astrocyte astrogliosis in glaucoma, including morphological, molecular, proliferative and functional changes. We then summarize understanding of astrocyte polarization in other diseases, and show that A1 astrocytes are involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma, and that their neurotoxins kill only damaged retinal ganglion cells. Based on this, we propose new interesting conjecture on astrocyte polarization in glaucoma: (1) That the neurotoxin from A1 astrocytes is a product of the complement system (membrane-attacking complex), since this system is known to mediate synaptic elimination and the C3 expression is clearly increased in A1 astrocytes; (2) that reactive scar-forming astrocytes in the optic nerve head may be classified as A2 astrocytes since their ablation leads to a worse prognosis in glaucoma. Finally, current therapeutic research progress on astrocyte polarization in other diseases is also addressed. Regulation of astrocyte polarization can be achieved by extracellular microglia-related and intracellular pathways. Reduced A1 or increased A2 astrocytes can rescue the nerve. For example, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist rescues retinal ganglion cells by reducing A1 astrocytes via the extracellular microglia-related pathway in an ocular hypertension model, suggesting that regulation of astrocyte polarization as a therapeutic target in glaucoma is feasible.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.