ArticleEBioMedicine2022
The host response in different aetiologies of community-acquired pneumonia.
Article in EBioMedicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin and its c-terminal peptides differentiate bacterial from viral community-acquired pneumonia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Comparing routine hematological parameters on COVID-19, bacterial infections, and coinfection in elderly severe community-acquired pneumonia, a retrospective study in primary hospitals.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Endothelial glycocalyx degradation and its association with clinical outcomes and host response aberrations in community-acquired pneumonia across different care settings.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Article
- Derivation and external validation of community-acquired pneumonia subphenotypes in Southeast Asia: a secondary analysis of prospective cohort studies.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Divergent biological pathways distinguish community-acquired pneumonia from COVID-19 despite similar plasma cytokine profiles.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Diagnosing and Treating Community-Acquired Pneumonia-A Double-Blind Study?Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
- Serum cytokine levels in children with community-acquired pneumonia caused by different respiratory pathogens.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Differential platelet protein release profiles in community-acquired pneumonia and COVID-19.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Beyond immunosuppression: decoding systemic immune dysregulation in ICU-acquired pneumonia.The European respiratory journal · 2025Article
- Observational
- Protein and transcriptional biomarker profiling may inform treatment strategies in lower respiratory tract infections by indicating bacterial-viral differentiation.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Complex Thrombo-Inflammatory Responses versus Outcomes of Non-COVID-19 Community-Acquired Pneumonia and COVID-19.Journal of innate immunity · 2024Article
- Proteomic profiling of neutrophils and plasma in community-acquired pneumonia reveals crucial proteins in diverse biological pathways linked to clinical outcome.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Inflammatory and endothelial host responses in community-acquired pneumonia: exploring the relationships with HbA1c, admission plasma glucose, and glycaemic gap-a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Diabetes Status, c-Reactive Protein, and Insulin Resistance in Community-Acquired Pneumonia-A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Noninvasive diagnosis of secondary infections in COVID-19 by sequencing of plasma microbial cell-free DNA.iScience · 2023Article
- Article
- During Sepsis and COVID-19, the Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Responses Are Concomitant.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Review
- Age-related changes in plasma biomarkers and their association with mortality in COVID-19.The European respiratory journal · 2023Article
- Plasma N-Cleaved Galectin-9 Is a Surrogate Marker for Determining the Severity of COVID-19 and Monitoring the Therapeutic Effects of Tocilizumab.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be caused by a variety of pathogens, of which Streptococcus pneumoniae, Influenza and currently SARS-CoV-2 are the most common. We sought to identify shared and pathogen-specific host response features by directly comparing different aetiologies of CAP.
methodsWe measured 72 plasma biomarkers in a cohort of 265 patients hospitalized for CAP, all sampled within 48 hours of admission, and 28 age-and sex matched non-infectious controls. We stratified the biomarkers into several pathophysiological domains- antiviral response, vascular response and function, coagulation, systemic inflammation, and immune checkpoint markers. We directly compared CAP caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19, n=39), Streptococcus pneumoniae (CAP-strep, n=27), Influenza (CAP-flu, n=22) and other or unknown pathogens (CAP-other, n=177). We adjusted the comparisons for age, sex and disease severity scores.
findingsBiomarkers reflective of a stronger cell-mediated antiviral response clearly separated COVID-19 from other CAPs (most notably granzyme B). Biomarkers reflecting activation and function of the vasculature showed endothelial barrier integrity was least affected in COVID-19, while glycocalyx degradation and angiogenesis were enhanced relative to other CAPs. Notably, markers of coagulation activation, including D-dimer, were not different between the CAP groups. Ferritin was most increased in COVID-19, while other systemic inflammation biomarkers such as IL-6 and procalcitonin were highest in CAP-strep. Immune checkpoint markers showed distinctive patterns in viral and non-viral CAP, with highly elevated levels of Galectin-9 in COVID-19.
interpretationOur investigation provides insight into shared and distinct pathophysiological mechanisms in different aetiologies of CAP, which may help guide new pathogen-specific therapeutic strategies.
fundingThis study was financially supported by the Dutch Research Council, the European Commission and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development.
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