SynthesisPublic health2022
Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines by race and ethnicity.
Synthesis in Public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Representation in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Pre-vaccination immune signatures of children with inborn errors of immunity associate with COVID-19 vaccine response.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- The impact of ethnicity on longitudinal humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Survival After SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Vaccination Status in Jamaica, April-December 2021.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Participant motivators and perceptions of risks and benefits in adult Phase 2/3 COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Differences in COVID-19 Fatality Rates among Ethnic Groups, Hawaii, USA, 2020-2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Multi-dimensional analysis of B cells reveals the expansion of memory and regulatory B-cell clusters in humans living in rural tropical areas.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among South Asians in Canada.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Biological rhythms in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in an observational cohort study of 1.5 million patients.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Observational
- Article
- The polarization of politics and public opinion and their effects on racial inequality in COVID mortality.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesVaccine uptake amongst ethnic minority populations has been persistently lower, which may be because of socio-economic factors such as health literacy and health insurance status. This review aimed to assess to what extent COVID-19 clinical trials have considered the impact of race and ethnicity on COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy. STUDY
designThis was a systematic review.
methodsData regarding ethnicity in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials were systematically reviewed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines in this systematic review, which ran from inception until June 2021. Three international databases, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, were used to conduct systematic article searches. Only two studies reported vaccine efficacy among ethnic minority groups.
resultsThe efficacy of the mRNA-1273 vaccine was confirmed to be 95% in Caucasians and 97.5% in 'people of colour' in a study by Baden et al. In another study by Polack et al., BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine efficacy was reported to be 95.2% in Caucasians, 100% in Afro-Caribbean or African Americans, 94.2% in Hispanic or Latinx and 95.4% in non-Hispanic, non-Latinx people.
conclusionsGiven the highly differing effect of COVID-19 on the Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic and South Asian populations, it is imperative for COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials to thoroughly assess the safety and efficacy of vaccines in different ethnicities and, if necessary, develop ethnicity-specific protocols, which can minimise the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 on ethnic minority populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.