ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2022
Hypoxia-regulated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein is an independent prognostic indicator in triple negative breast cancer.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Carbonic anhydrase IX-related tumoral hypoxia predicts worse prognosis in breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Research progress on precision targeted therapy strategies for breast cancer based on tumor microenvironment.iScience · 2026Review
- Sequential invasion assays identify carbonic anhydrase IX as a driver of invasiveness in epithelial triple-negative breast cancer cells.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Article
- Incidental Detection of a CAIX-avid Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma on 68 Ga-NY104 PET/CT During Evaluation of a Suspected Renal Mass.Clinical nuclear medicine · 2026Article
- Garciniagifolone A, derived fromFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Molecular Pathways Affected by Sulfonylpurine Derivatives in 2D and 3D HeLa Cell Models.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- AXINEO: AXIllary response to NEOadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: can we predict response based on a biomarker panel?Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Article
- Pathology-interpretable radiomic model for predicting clinical outcome in patients with osteosarcoma: a retrospective, multicenter study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Hypoxia-inducible factors in breast cancer: prognostic indicators and emerging biomarkers: narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Development of 4T1 breast cancer mouse model system for preclinical carbonic anhydrase IX studies.FEBS open bio · 2025Article
- High hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression is associated with reduced survival in patients with breast cancer: A meta-analysis.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Tumor Hypoxia: How Conventional Histology Is Reshaped in Breast Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX Enzyme in Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma: Relationship With Prognostic Factors and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.European journal of breast health · 2025Article
- PlexinB1 Inactivation Reprograms Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment, Inhibiting Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Dissemination.Cancer immunology research · 2024Article
- Preclinical Evaluation of virus-like particle Vaccine Against Carbonic Anhydrase IX Efficacy in a Mouse Breast Cancer Model System.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Article
- Article
- Tumor-specific activation of folate receptor beta enables reprogramming of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe effect of extracellular microenvironment (hypoxia and pH) has been regarded as a key hallmark in cancer progression. The study aims to investigate the effects of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a key hypoxia-inducible marker, in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in correlation with clinicopathological parameters and predicting survival outcomes.
methodsA total of 323 TNBC cases diagnosed at the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital from 2003 to 2013 were used. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was performed using CAIX antibody and digital mRNA quantification was performed using NanoString assays. CAIX membranous expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters using Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact tests. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall-survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared between groups with the log-rank test.
resultsForty percent of TNBCs were observed to express CAIX protein and demonstrated significant association with larger tumour size (P = 0.002), higher histological grade (P < 0.001), and significantly worse disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (after adjustment: HR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.78-5.02, P < 0.001 and HR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.41-4.65, P = 0.002, respectively). Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed six significantly enriched cellular functions (secretion, cellular component disassembly, regulation of protein complex assembly, glycolytic process, cellular macromolecular complex assembly, positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis) associated with genes differentially expressed (CAIX, SETX, WAS, HK2, DDIT4, TUBA4α, ARL1). Three genes (WAS, SETX and DDIT4) were related to DNA repair, indicating that DNA stability may be influenced by hypoxia in TNBC.
conclusionsOur results demonstrate that CAIX appears to be a significant hypoxia-inducible molecular marker and increased CAIX protein levels are independently associated with poor survival in TNBC. Identification of CAIX-linked seven gene-signature and its relationship with enriched cellular functions further support the implication and influence of hypoxia-mediated CAIX expression in TNBC tumour microenvironment.
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