Trial reportMalaria journal2022
Impact of a spatial repellent product on Anopheles and non-Anopheles mosquitoes in Sumba, Indonesia.
Trial report in Malaria journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents for preventing mosquito bites: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to spatial repellent for mosquito control and malaria risk perception in East Sumba, Indonesia.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Larviciding for malaria control and elimination in Africa.Malaria journal · 2025Review
- Gaps in protection to Anopheles exposure in high malaria endemic regencies of Papua Province, Indonesia.PloS one · 2025Article
- Efficacy of a volatile pyrethroid spatial emanator (SE) in reducing Anopheles host-seeking in outdoor kitchens in Southern Zambia.PloS one · 2025Article
- A unique mechanism of transfluthrin action revealed by mapping its binding sites in the mosquito sodium channel.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Repelling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with electric fields using insulated conductor wires.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Impact of a spatial repellent intervention on Anopheles kdr insecticide resistance allele in Sumba, Indonesia.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Field Evaluation of Novel Spatial Repellent Controlled Release Devices (CRDs) against Mosquitoes in an Outdoor Setting in the Northern Peruvian Amazon.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, contributed to 5% of malaria cases nationally in 2020, with other mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and filariasis also being endemic. Monitoring of spatial and temporal vector species compositions and bionomic traits is an efficient method for generating evidence towards intervention strategy optimization and meeting disease elimination goals.
methodsThe impact of a spatial repellent (SR) on human biting mosquitoes was evaluated as part of a parent cluster-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, in Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. A 10-month (June 2015-March 2016) baseline study was followed by a 24-month intervention period (April 2016 to April 2018)-where half the clusters were randomly assigned either a passive transfluthrin emanator or a placebo control.
resultsHuman-landing mosquito catches documented a reduction in landing rates related to the SR. Overall, there was a 16.4% reduction (21% indoors, and 11.3% outdoors) in human biting rates (HBR) for Anopheles. For Aedes, there was a 44.3% HBR reduction indoors and a 35.6% reduction outdoors. This reduction was 38.3% indoors and 39.1% outdoors for Armigeres, and 36.0% indoors and 32.3% outdoors for Culex species. Intervention impacts on the HBRs were not significant and are attributed to large inter-household and inter cluster variation. Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis and Anopheles maculatus individually impacted the overall malaria infections hazard rate with statistically significance. Though there was SR-based protection against malaria for all Anopheles species (except Anopheles sundaicus), only five (Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles tessellatus, An. maculatus and An. sundaicus) demonstrated statistical significance. The SR numerically reduced Anopheles parity rates indoors and outdoors when compared to the placebo.
conclusionEvidence demonstrating that Anopheles vectors bite both indoors and outdoors indicates that currently implemented indoor-based vector control tools may not be sufficient to eliminate malaria. The documented impact of the SR intervention on Aedes, Armigeres and Culex species points to its importance in combatting other vector borne diseases. Studies to determine the impact of spatial repellents on other mosquito-borne diseases is recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.