ArticleBMC health services research2022
Understanding and experience of adverse event following immunization (AEFI) and its consequences among healthcare providers in Kebbi State, Nigeria: a qualitative study.
Article in BMC health services research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Country readiness in responding to COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Events (VREs) in Malawi.Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi · 2026Article
- Factors associated with uptake of second year of life vaccines among children 24-35 months in Western Region One, The Gambia.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Adverse Events Following Immunization: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, Surveillance, and Public Health Management-A Narrative Review.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Surveillance on the coverage of herpes zoster vaccine and post-marketing adverse events in Jiangsu province, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Understanding caregivers' and community influencers' perspectives on the barriers to childhood immunisation in Northern Nigerian States with public-private partnerships in routine immunisation programme.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Barriers and strategies to improve vaccine adverse events reporting: views from health workers and managers in Northern Ghana.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Perception of healthcare administrators on the impediments of optimizing adverse events following immunization e-Reporting in Nigeria.PloS one · 2025Article
- An evaluation of the surveillance system for monitoring and reporting adverse events following immunization in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria: a mixed method approach.BMC public health · 2024Article
- An evaluation of a multi-partner approach to increase routine immunization coverage in six northern Nigerian States.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Barriers to optimal AEFI surveillance and documentation in Nigeria: Findings from a qualitative survey.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Correction: Understanding and experience of adverse event following immunization (AEFI) and its consequences among healthcare providers in Kebbi State, Nigeria: a qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Optimising reporting of adverse events following immunisation by healthcare workers in Ghana: A qualitative study in four regions.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVaccines used in the national immunization program are relatively safe and effective. However, no vaccine is perfectly safe. Therefore, adverse reactions may occur. This study aimed to investigate the understanding and experience of Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) among healthcare workers and Routine Immunization (RI) officers.
methodsPhenomenological qualitative study was conducted between June and September 2019, using a semi-structured question guide in Kebbi State, Northwest Nigeria. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 RI providers, eight Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) officers, and eight Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The interviews were transcribed and translated, then manually analyzed thematically.
resultsThe knowledge level of healthcare providers on AEFI definition and classification varied and was suboptimal. Error during vaccination was the study participants' most frequently mentioned possible cause of AEFI. Persistent crying, fever, fainting, and swelling and tenderness at injection sites were the AEFI experienced by the healthcare providers in their careers. Block rejection, lower immunization uptake, loss of confidence in RI, attack on RI providers, discrimination of RI providers and divorce threats among spouses were the consequences of AEFI. Supportive supervision of the RI sessions, refresher training on safe injection for RI providers, and symptomatic treatment of clients with AEFI would prevent AEFI consequences. Also, educating caregivers, community sensitization, and dialogue would minimize the consequences of AEFI.
conclusionsEvidence of a sub-optimal understanding of AEFI was established in this study. Hence, policymakers should consider regular refresher training on AEFI to ensure all RI providers have an optimal understanding of AEFI. Health education of caregivers and parents during RI sessions and community engagement should be considered to minimise AEFI consequences on the immunization program and the society.
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