ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2023
Maternal type 1 diabetes, pre-term birth and risk of autism spectrum disorder-a prospective cohort study.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early autism risk factors: a cohort study of children born very preterm at 5-years.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Maternal Diabetes Mellitus and Child Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Rethinking Causality in Light of Environmental Pollutants.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Review
- Intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and the risk of developing epilepsy in children: a national cohort study of 2.3 million children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Is maternal diabetes associated with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD in the offspring? A short review.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Review
- Maternal Fasting Plasma Glucose Level in Early Gestation and Developmental Delay in 2-year-old Children.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Prenatal Diabetes and Obesity: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring - A Comprehensive Review.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Review
- The Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Possible Origins in Pregnancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- Risk cycling in diabetes and autism spectrum disorder: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- The impact of maternal diabetes on the future health and neurodevelopment of the offspring: a review of the evidence.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Insights on dental care management and prevention in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). What is new?Frontiers in oral health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt has been suggested that maternal type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the offspring. However, it is unclear whether this risk is mediated by pre-term birth, affecting around one-third of pregnancies with T1D, and whether maternal levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) impact the risk.
methodsA cohort of 1.4 million Swedish children born between 1998 and 2015, and their parents. Maternal T1D and HbA1c before or in early pregnancy, gestational and ASD diagnoses were obtained from Swedish national registers. Relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs of ASD were estimated by hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox regression or RR from log-binomial regression.
resultsOf 1 406 650 children, 8003 (0.6%) were born to mothers with T1D, 24 941 (1.8%) were diagnosed with ASD and 81 915 (5.8%) were born pre-term. The risk of ASD was increased in offspring of mothers with T1D was HR = 1.40 (1.21-1.61). The RR for each +5-mmol/mol excess HbA1c was estimated at HR = 1.03 (0.97-1.10). The T1D effect on ASD mediated through pre-term birth was estimated at RR = 1.06 (1.05 to 1.08), corresponding to 22% (16% to 41%) of the total effect. T1D in pregnancy was associated with increased ASD risk in the offspring. Twenty percent of the total effect was accounted for by pre-term birth. HbA1c was not associated with ASD risk, beyond the risk associated by the T1D diagnosis itself.
conclusionAwareness of ASD in the offspring of mothers with T1D may be warranted, especially considering the additional effect of pre-term birth.
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Registered trials
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