ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2022
Comparison of laboratory and immune characteristics of the initial and second phase of tick-borne encephalitis.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Response to the Letter by Guagliardo et al.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Diagnostic value of RT-PCR for detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Extraneurological Presentations of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Rare Case of TBEV-Associated Myocarditis With Fever and Bicytopenia and a Systematic Literature Review.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Review
- Proinflammatory Chemokine Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Seroepidemiology of Human Tularemia-Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Seroprevalence Studies.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Defining the "Correlate(s) of Protection" to tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and infection - key points and outstanding questions.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Inapparent Tick-Borne Orthoflavivirus Infection inVaccines · 2023Article
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Activation of Early Proinflammatory Responses by TBEV NS1 Varies between the Strains of Various Subtypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Evidence of tick-borne encephalitis virus neutralizing antibodies in Serbian individuals exposed to tick bites.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Quantification of Antiviral Cytokines in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Croatia.Vaccines · 2022Article
- The Detectability of the Viral RNA in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Increased peripheral inflammatory responses in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease and aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) usually has a biphasic course which begins with unspecific febrile illness, followed by central nervous system involvement. Because TBE is not yet suspected during the initial phase, knowledge of early TBE pathogenesis is incomplete. Herein we evaluated laboratory and immune findings in the initial and second (meningoencephalitic) phase of TBE in 88 well-defined adult patients. Comparison of nine laboratory blood parameters in both phases of TBE revealed that laboratory abnormalities, consisting of low leukocyte and platelet counts and increased liver enzymes levels, were predominately associated with the initial phase of TBE and resolved thereafter. Assessment of 29 immune mediators in serum during the initial phase, and in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the second phase of TBE revealed highly distinct clustering patterns among the three groups. In the initial phase of TBE, the primary finding in serum was a rather heterogeneous immune response involving innate (CXCL11), B cell (CXCL13, BAFF), and T cell mediators (IL-27 and IL-4). During the second phase of TBE, growth factors associated with angiogenesis (GRO-α and VEGF-A) were the predominant characteristic in serum, whereas innate and Th1 mediators were the defining feature of immune responses in CSF. These findings imply that distinct immune processes play a role in the pathophysiology of different phases of TBE and in different compartments.
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