ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2022
Evaluating the Effects of Experiencing Virtual Reality Simulation of Psychosis on Mental Illness Stigma, Empathy, and Knowledge in Medical Students.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Innovative technologies in psychiatry education: a systematic review.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- Virtual and Augmented Reality in Undergraduate Medical Education in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review.The clinical teacher · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of a Virtual Reality Intervention on Stigma, Empathy, and Attitudes Toward Patients With Psychotic Disorders Among Mental Health Care Professionals: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mental health · 2025Trial
- Can virtual reality technology be used for empathy education in medical students: a randomized case-control study.BMC medical education · 2024Trial
- A scoping review on the use of virtual patients for enhancing empathy in medical students.Medical education online · 2026Article
- Article
- Preliminary Effectiveness of 360° Immersive Virtual Reality for the Acquisition of Empathy-Related Skills in Physiotherapy Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study.Medical science educator · 2026Article
- Perceptions, needs, and experiences of kinesiophobia management after total knee arthroplasty: a qualitative study from the perspectives of patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Determining the severity and prevalence of cybersickness in virtual reality simulations in psychiatry.Advances in simulation (London, England) · 2025Article
- Impact of an online WHO mental health guideline-based training on stigma and clinical confidence among non-psychiatrist physicians in Mexico: a pre-experimental pilot study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Using Immersive Environments in E-Mental Health Rehabilitation Programs Directed to Future Health Professionals to Promote Empathy and Health Literacy about Schizophrenia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- [Virtual reality in teaching using mentally ill patient avatars].Der Nervenarzt · 2024Article
- Mental illness through the perspective of undergraduate medical students in Greece: a cross-sectional study at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Mental health-related stigma discrimination and prejudices among Greek healthcare professionals.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Retracted
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Applying technologies such as virtual reality (VR) in education has gained popularity especially in comprehending abstract and subjective phenomena. Previous studies have shown that applying a virtual reality simulation of psychosis (VRSP) is useful in increasing knowledge and empathy toward patients. Here, the efficacy of using VRSP in altering stigma, empathy and knowledge as well as side effects have been assessed in medical students in comparison with the routine education (visiting the patients). Method: After attending one session of lecture about positive psychotic symptoms, medical students were allocated to two groups: experiencing one session of VRSP or visiting patients under supervision as routine practice in the ward. Before and after the first session and after the second one, questionnaires of knowledge, empathy and stigma were filled by students. Finally, the results were compared in two groups. Results: Both interventions were effective in reducing stigma as well as increasing knowledge and empathy toward patients with psychotic experiences. VRSP could significantly reduce stigma and increase knowledge and empathy compared with the traditional visiting patients under supervision. The side effects were minimal and ameliorated right after the experience. Conclusion: VRSP is an effective tool in decreasing stigma and increasing empathy and knowledge of the students and can be incorporated in psychiatric education with minimal side effects.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.