ArticleNature communications2022
Macrophages disseminate pathogen associated molecular patterns through the direct extracellular release of the soluble content of their phagolysosomes.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
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- Propolis-loaded liposomes (ProLip) enhance macrophage-mediated immunomodulation and suppress breast cancer cell proliferation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development of a novel assay for antigen presentation measurement.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Macrophage and inflammation in diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.World journal of diabetes · 2025Review
- A subset of neutrophil phagosomes is characterised by pulses of Class I PI3K activity.Disease models & mechanisms · 2025Article
- Phagocytosis at a glance.Journal of cell science · 2025Review
- Macrophages and autophagy: partners in crime.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biomarkers (NLR, PLR, SII) for Frequent COPD Exacerbations: Diagnostic and Clinical Management Implications in a Retrospective Study.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2025Observational
- Current Updates on Pathogenesis, Systemic Therapy, and Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections.Current drug targets · 2025Review
- Influence of Donor-Specific Characteristics on Cytokine Responses in H3N2 Influenza A Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- A new direction in periodontitis treatment: biomaterial-mediated macrophage immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Plasma membrane abundance dictates phagocytic capacity and functional cross-talk in myeloid cells.Science immunology · 2024Article
- Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) as Biomarkers in Diagnosis Evaluation of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Retrospective, Observational Study.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2024Observational
- Recent nanoengineered therapeutic advancements in sepsis management.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Potential targets and mechanisms of photobiomodulation for spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
- Metabololipidomic and proteomic profiling reveals aberrant macrophage activation and interrelated immunomodulatory mediator release during aging.Aging cell · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns is critical to inflammation. However, most pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns exist within intact microbes/cells and are typically part of non-diffusible, stable macromolecules that are not optimally immunostimulatory or available for immune detection. Partial digestion of microbes/cells following phagocytosis potentially generates new diffusible pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns, however, our current understanding of phagosomal biology would have these molecules sequestered and destroyed within phagolysosomes. Here, we show the controlled release of partially-digested, soluble material from phagolysosomes of macrophages through transient, iterative fusion-fission events between mature phagolysosomes and the plasma membrane, a process we term eructophagy. Eructophagy is most active in proinflammatory macrophages and further induced by toll like receptor engagement. Eructophagy is mediated by genes encoding proteins required for autophagy and can activate vicinal cells by release of phagolysosomally-processed, partially-digested pathogen associated molecular patterns. We propose that eructophagy allows macrophages to amplify local inflammation through the processing and dissemination of pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.