ArticlePreventing chronic disease2022
A Rapid Evaluation of the US Federal Tobacco 21 (T21) Law and Lessons From Statewide T21 Policies: Findings From Population-Level Surveys.
Article in Preventing chronic disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- What is the Relationship Between Raising the Minimum Legal Sales Age of Tobacco Above 20 and Cigarette Smoking? A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Pooled it
- "You're Not a Cop, Right?" How Tobacco Retailers Navigate Underage Tobacco Purchases at the Point of Sale: A Qualitative Analysis of Underage Buyers' Comments from Three U.S. states.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- A scoping review and thematic analysis of policy implications of novel and emerging nicotine and tobacco products regulation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Impact of sugar-sweetened beverages tax on obesity and obesity-related health conditions: evidence from Washington State's soft drink syrup tax.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of signage in preventing adolescents and young adults from accessing e-cigarettes in retail stores: a discrete-choice experiment.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Associations between tobacco 21 and state flavour restrictions with young adult tobacco use.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tobacco 21 policies and youth tobacco use: implications for future policy research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- SimSmoke simulation models distinguished by race/ethnicity: past and future trends and the potential role of policy.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2025Article
- Age-period-cohort effects of adult cigarette smoking in the united States, 1971-2020.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Global Burden of substance use disorders among adolescents during 1990-2021 and a forecast for 2022-2030: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Perceived risks, reasons for use, and barriers to cessation among youth who use multiple tobacco products.PloS one · 2025Article
- Gaps in Awareness of the United States Minimum Legal Age of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Sales: Implications for Public Health Messaging.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Article
- How adolescent tobacco use has responded to state tobacco 21 laws and flavor restrictions.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Public Perception of the Tobacco 21 Amendment on Twitter in the United States: Observational Study.JMIR infodemiology · 2024Observational
- Interaction Between State-Level Cigarette Prices and County-Level Tobacco 21 Coverage on Cigarette Smoking Outcomes Among US Adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2024Article
- Using Exogenous Social Media Exposure Measures to Assess the Effects of Smokeless Tobacco-Related Social Media Content on Smokeless Tobacco Sales in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Impact of smoking initiation age on nicotine dependency and cardiovascular risk factors: a retrospective cohort study in Japan.European heart journal open · 2024Article
- Regional insights on tobacco-related tweets: unveiling user opinions and usage patterns.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Retailers' Compliance with Federal Age of Cigarette Sales Policies -- Pitt County, North Carolina, January-March 2022.North Carolina medical journal · 2024Article
- E-Cigarette Use Among US Adults in the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey.JAMA network open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOn December 20, 2019, the minimum age for purchasing tobacco in the US was raised nationally to 21 years. We evaluated this law (Tobacco 21 [T21]) 1 year after implementation. We also compared states with versus without T21 policies during 2019 to explore potential equity impacts of T21 policies.
methodsWe examined shifts in tobacco access among 6th through 12th graders using the National Youth Tobacco Survey. To explore equity of state T21 policies among youths and young adults, the associations with tobacco use were explored separately for race and ethnicity by using data from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (for persons aged 18 to 20 years) and the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (for high school students).
resultsThe overall percentage of 6th to 12th graders perceiving that it was easy to buy tobacco products from a store decreased from 2019 (67.2%) to 2020 (58.9%). However, only 17.0% of students who attempted buying cigarettes in 2020 were unsuccessful because of their age. In the 2019 BRFSS, those aged 18 to 20 years living in a state with T21 policies had a lower likelihood of being a current cigarette smoker (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR], 0.58) or smoking cigarettes daily (APR, 0.41). Similar significant associations were seen when analyses were restricted to only non-Hispanic White participants but not for participants who were non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, Hispanic, or of other races or ethnicities. Consistent findings were seen among high school students.
conclusionGreater compliance with the federal T21 law is needed as most youth who attempted buying cigarettes in 2020 were successful. Comparative analysis of states with versus states without statewide T21 policies in 2019 suggest the policies were differentially more protective of non-Hispanic White participants than other participants. Equitable and intensified enforcement of T21 policies can benefit public health.
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