ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2022
Patterns of Children's Blood Lead Screening and Blood Lead Levels in North Carolina, 2011-2018-Who Is Tested, Who Is Missed?
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between proximity to a lead-releasing facility and cognition in diverse cohorts.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Modeling Elevated Children's Blood Lead Levels across Five U.S. States: A Statistical Approach to Improve Predictions and Understand Key Drivers.ACS environmental Au · 2026Article
- A community-based participatory research program to identify lead exposure risks and community priorities.Discover social science and health · 2026Article
- Identifying critical windows of susceptibility to perinatal lead exposure on child serum vaccine antibody levels.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Spatial Variability in Relationships between Early Childhood Lead Exposure and Standardized Test Scores in Fourth Grade North Carolina Public School Students (2013-2016).Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- IEUBK Modeling of Children's Blood Lead Levels in Homes Served by Private Domestic Wells in Three Illinois Counties.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Secular trends in blood lead concentrations of school-age children in Montevideo, Uruguay from 2009 to 2019.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Article
- Who tests for lead and why? A 10-year analysis of blood lead screening, follow-up and CNS outcomes in a statewide US healthcare system.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2024Article
- Bone lead variability in bone repository skeletal samples measured with portable x-ray fluorescence.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Improving Equitability and Inclusion for Testing and Detection of Lead Poisoning in US Children.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Article
- Association of Urinary Lead and Cadmium Levels, and Serum Lipids with Subclinical Arteriosclerosis: Evidence from Taiwan.Nutrients · 2023Article
- An interdisciplinary team-based approach for significantly reducing lower-level lead poisoning in U.S. children.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- The Shifting Landscape of Lead Exposure: Screening Gaps for Children in North Carolina.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNo safe level of lead in blood has been identified. Blood lead testing is required for children on Medicaid, but it is at the discretion of providers and parents for others. Elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) cannot be identified in children who are not tested.
objectivesThe aims of this research were to identify determinants of lead testing and EBLLs among North Carolina children and estimate the number of additional children with EBLLs among those not tested.
methodsWe linked geocoded North Carolina birth certificates from 2011-2016 to 2010 U.S. Census data and North Carolina blood lead test results from 2011-2018. We estimated the probability of being screened for lead and created inverse probability (IP) of testing weights. We evaluated the risk of an EBLL of
resultsMothers of the 63.5% of children (402,002 of 633,159) linked to a blood lead test result were disproportionately young, Hispanic, Black, American Indian, or on Medicaid. In full models, maternal age DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that current North Carolina lead screening strategies fail to identify over 30% (17,543 of 57,398) of children with subclinical lead poisoning and that accounting for characteristics at birth alters the conclusions about racial disparities in children's EBLLs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10335.
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