3D FRN-ResNet: An Automated Major Depressive Disorder Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data Identification Framework.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, seriously affecting people's quality of life. Manually identifying MDD from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) images is laborious and time-consuming due to the lack of clear physiological indicators. With the development of deep learning, many automated identification methods have been developed, but most of them stay in 2D images, resulting in poor performance. In addition, the heterogeneity of MDD also results in slightly different changes reflected in patients' brain imaging, which constitutes a barrier to the study of MDD identification based on brain sMRI images. We propose an automated MDD identification framework in sMRI data (3D FRN-ResNet) to comprehensively address these challenges, which uses 3D-ResNet to extract features and reconstruct them based on feature maps. Notably, the 3D FRN-ResNet fully exploits the interlayer structure information in 3D sMRI data and preserves most of the spatial details as well as the location information when converting the extracted features into vectors. Furthermore, our model solves the feature map reconstruction problem in closed form to produce a straightforward and efficient classifier and dramatically improves model performance. We evaluate our framework on a private brain sMRI dataset of MDD patients. Experimental results show that the proposed model exhibits promising performance and outperforms the typical other methods, achieving the accuracy, recall, precision, and