ReviewFrontiers in molecular neuroscience2022
Morphine-3-Glucuronide, Physiology and Behavior.
Review in Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping opioid exposure through prescription data and postmortem analysis of opioid drugs in multiple tissues.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Development of Delta Opioid Receptor Antagonists Which Prevent Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in the 5X-Familial Alzheimer's Disease [5XFAD] Mouse Model.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Reversal of morphine-induced respiratory depression with the µAmerican journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Article
- Scoping Review of Paediatric Population Pharmacokinetic Models of Morphine.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2025Article
- Brain Cytochrome P450: Navigating Neurological Health and Metabolic Regulation.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Article
- Morphine treatment restricts response to immunotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy and Impact on Small-Molecule Drugs, Biologic (Monoclonal Antibody) Disposition, and Response.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Review
- State and Future Science of Opioids and Potential of Biased-ligand Technology in the Management of Acute Pain After Burn Injury.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2023Review
- Heroin use and neuropsychological impairments: comparison of intravenous and inhalational use.Psychopharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Morphine remains the gold standard painkiller available to date to relieve severe pain. Morphine metabolism leads to the production of two predominant metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). This metabolism involves uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which catalyze the addition of a glucuronide moiety onto the C3 or C6 position of morphine. Interestingly, M3G and M6G have been shown to be biologically active. On the one hand, M6G produces potent analgesia in rodents and humans. On the other hand, M3G provokes a state of strong excitation in rodents, characterized by thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. Its coadministration with morphine or M6G also reduces the resulting analgesia. Although these behavioral effects show quite consistency in rodents, M3G effects are much more debated in humans and the identity of the receptor(s) on which M3G acts remains unclear. Indeed, M3G has little affinity for mu opioid receptor (MOR) (on which morphine binds) and its effects are retained in the presence of naloxone or naltrexone, two non-selective MOR antagonists. Paradoxically, MOR seems to be essential to M3G effects. In contrast, several studies proposed that TLR4 could mediate M3G effects since this receptor also appears to be essential to M3G-induced hyperalgesia. This review summarizes M3G's behavioral effects and potential targets in the central nervous system, as well as the mechanisms by which it might oppose analgesia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.