ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2022
Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency in the UK.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interstitial lung disease independently associated with higher risk for COVID-19 severity and mortality: A meta-analysis of adjusted effect estimates.International immunopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- BAFF-R expression as a potential biomarker associated with COVID-19 vaccine non-responsiveness in antibody-deficient patients.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- Immunosuppression variably impacts outcomes for patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Pre-existing Immunocompromising Conditions and Outcomes of Acute COVID-19 Patients Admitted for Pediatric Intensive Care.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Lung infections in immunocompromised children.Pediatric radiology · 2024Review
- The Scope and Impact of Viral Infections in Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) and CVID-like Disorders: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Developing a digital phenotype to subdivide adult immunosuppressed COVID-19 outcomes within the English Primary Care Sentinel Network.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Fatal COVID-19 Infection in Two Children with STAT1 Gain-of-Function.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Commercial Immunoglobulin Products Contain Neutralizing Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiencies): a systematic review.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Article
- Review
- Clinical and Experimental Immunology: highlights from 2022.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Review
- Article
- Cellular immunity in COVID-19 and other infections in Common variable immunodeficiency.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Acute and long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Severity, Cardiological Outcome, and Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccine on Adult Patients With 22q11.2 DS.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Observational
- SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposure prophylaxis with tixagevimab/cilgavimab (AZD7442) provides protection in inborn errors of immunity with antibody defects: a real-world experience.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses post-vaccination in UK healthcare workers with pre-existing medical conditions: a cohort study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- COVID-19 infection and vaccination in immunodeficiency.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
62 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In March 2020, the United Kingdom Primary Immunodeficiency Network (UKPIN) established a registry of cases to collate the outcomes of individuals with PID and SID following SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment. A total of 310 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with PID or SID have now been reported in the UK. The overall mortality within the cohort was 17.7% (n = 55/310). Individuals with CVID demonstrated an infection fatality rate (IFR) of 18.3% (n = 17/93), individuals with PID receiving IgRT had an IFR of 16.3% (n = 26/159) and individuals with SID, an IFR of 27.2% (n = 25/92). Individuals with PID and SID had higher inpatient mortality and died at a younger age than the general population. Increasing age, low pre-SARS-CoV-2 infection lymphocyte count and the presence of common co-morbidities increased the risk of mortality in PID. Access to specific COVID-19 treatments in this cohort was limited: only 22.9% (n = 33/144) of patients admitted to the hospital received dexamethasone, remdesivir, an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based therapeutic (e.g. REGN-COV2 or convalescent plasma) or tocilizumab as a monotherapy or in combination. Dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based therapeutics appeared efficacious in PID and SID. Compared to the general population, individuals with PID or SID are at high risk of mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Increasing age, low baseline lymphocyte count, and the presence of co-morbidities are additional risk factors for poor outcome in this cohort.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.