ArticleJournal of anxiety disorders2022
Fear of illness & virus evaluation (FIVE) COVID-19 scales for children-parent/caregiver-report development and validation.
Article in Journal of anxiety disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- 5-year follow-up of adolescents with social anxiety disorder: Current functioning during COVID-19.Psychiatry research · 2023Trial
- Remote Longitudinal Tracking of Sleep, Depression, and Cognition Across Early Adolescence: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- COVID-19-Related Risk, Resilience, and Mental Health Among Mexican American Mothers Across the First Year of the Pandemic.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Determining the Effect of Fear of Illness and Virus Evaluation and Quality of Life on Diagnosis of Social Phobia in Patients With Chronic Disease: Using Machine Learning Approaches.Florence Nightingale journal of nursing · 2024Article
- The Impact of Caregivers on COVID-19 Fears, Behaviors, and Perceived Impact in a Majority Black American Sample of Children.Mental health science · 2024Article
- Avoidant Parent-Child Communication About COVID-19: A Longitudinal Investigation of Associations with Youth Adjustment Across the First 6 Months of the Pandemic.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- How did Latinxs near the U.S.-Mexico border fare during the COVID-19 pandemic? A snapshot of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Are the kids really alright? Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in a majority Black American sample of schoolchildren.Psychiatry research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveCommonly-used youth anxiety measures may not comprehensively capture fears, worries, and experiences related to the pervasive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study described the development of the Fear of Illness and Virus Evaluation (FIVE) scales and validated the caregiver-report version.
methodAfter initial development, feedback was obtained from clinicians and researchers, who provided suggestions on item content/wording, reviewed edits, and provided support for the updated FIVE's content and face validity. Factor structure, measurement invariance, and psychometric properties were analyzed using data from a multi-site, longitudinal study of COVID-19-related effects on family functioning with 1599 caregivers from the United States and Canada.
resultsConfirmatory factor analyses indicated a hierarchical five-factor structure best fit the data, resulting in a 31-item measure with four lower-order subscales: (1) Fears about Contamination and Illness; (2) Fears about Social Distancing, (3) Avoidance Behaviors, and (4) Mitigation Behaviors, and a higher-order factor, (5) Total Fears, indicated by the two fear-related lower-order subscales. Measurement invariance by country of residence, child age, and child sex was found. All subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency, appropriate item-scale discrimination, and no floor or ceiling effects. The Total Fears subscale demonstrated appropriate test-retest reliability. Concurrent validity supported by strong correlation with a youth anxiety measure. DISCUSSION: The FIVE provides a psychometrically-sound measure of COVID-19-related fears and behaviors in youth in a caregiver-report format. Future research is necessary to evaluate correlates and longitudinal symptom patterns captured by the FIVE caregiver-report, as well as the validity and reliability of a youth self-report version of the FIVE.
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