ArticlePLoS pathogens2022
Evolution, geographic spreading, and demographic distribution of Enterovirus D68.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic surveillance of enterovirus D68 circulating in 2025 reveals the emergence of a novel A2/B3 recombinant lineage.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Seroepidemiology of Enterovirus D68 in Xiamen Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2022.Viruses · 2026Article
- Enterovirus D68 Detected in Hospitalized Children With Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Zambia.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- An RNA-to-RNA pipeline for rapid antiviral antibody development.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- National Surveillance of Enterovirus D68 Upsurge, France, 2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Molecular surveillance and genomic characterization of enterovirus D68 in southern Portugal, 2024-2025.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- Enterovirus D68 in United States wastewater: a longitudinal surveillance study integrating climatic, demographic, and clinical data.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of the Enterovirus D68 Outbreak in Spain in 2024.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Circulation Patterns, Genetic Diversity, and Public Health Implications of Enterovirus D68, Europe, 2014-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Coxsackievirus A6 was the predominant pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease with frequent recombination and mutations in Shandong Province, 2023.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Respiratory enterovirus D68: virology, clinical surveillance, host-pathogen interactions, and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Enterovirus-D68-Neglected Pathogen in Acute Respiratory Infections: Insights from Croatia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Emergence and spread of multirecombinant enterovirus A71 lineages C1.3/RF5 and C1.3/RF6 associated with neurological diseases in Europe, 2016-2022, ENPEN multicentre study.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- mRNA vaccine expressing enterovirus D68 virus-like particles induces potent neutralizing antibodies and protects against infection.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Subclade B3 and D3 enterovirus D68 among children with severe community-acquired pneumonia in China, 2021 to 2024.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Elucidating the role of human skeletal muscles in the pathogenesis of enterovirus D68 infection.Life science alliance · 2025Article
- Sialic Acid-Containing Glycolipids Extend the Receptor Repertoire of Enterovirus-D68.ACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- EV-D68 neurological disease: tipping the scales toward immunopathogenesis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and Clinical Insights into Enterovirus Circulation in Europe, 2018-2023: A Multicenter Retrospective Surveillance Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Worldwide outbreaks of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in 2014 and 2016 have caused serious respiratory and neurological disease. We collected samples from several European countries during the 2018 outbreak and determined 53 near full-length genome ('whole genome') sequences. These sequences were combined with 718 whole genome and 1,987 VP1-gene publicly available sequences. In 2018, circulating strains clustered into multiple subgroups in the B3 and A2 subclades, with different phylogenetic origins. Clusters in subclade B3 emerged from strains circulating primarily in the US and Europe in 2016, though some had deeper roots linking to Asian strains, while clusters in A2 traced back to strains detected in East Asia in 2015-2016. In 2018, all sequences from the USA formed a distinct subgroup, containing only three non-US samples. Alongside the varied origins of seasonal strains, we found that diversification of these variants begins up to 18 months prior to the first diagnostic detection during a EV-D68 season. EV-D68 displays strong signs of continuous antigenic evolution and all 2018 A2 strains had novel patterns in the putative neutralizing epitopes in the BC- and DE-loops. The pattern in the BC-loop of the USA B3 subgroup had not been detected on that continent before. Patients with EV-D68 in subclade A2 were significantly older than patients with a B3 subclade virus. In contrast to other subclades, the age distribution of A2 is distinctly bimodal and was found primarily among children and in the elderly. We hypothesize that EV-D68's rapid evolution of surface proteins, extensive diversity, and high rate of geographic mixing could be explained by substantial reinfection of adults. Better understanding of evolution and immunity across diverse viral pathogens, including EV-D68 and SARS-CoV-2, is critical to pandemic preparedness in the future.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.