SynthesisEuropace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology2022
Air entrapment as a potential cause of early subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator malfunction: a systematic review of the literature.
Synthesis in Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mediastinal Air Entrapment During Extravascular ICD Implantation: A Preventable Cause of Elevated Shock Impedance.Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology · 2026Article
- Transient R-wave amplitude attenuation owing to air entrapment during extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: Delayed reassessment as a potential bail-out strategy.HeartRhythm case reports · 2026Article
- Air Entrapment in a Pacemaker Pocket in a Child.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Noninvasive Impedance Analysis During S-ICD Insertion Provides Justification for Defibrillation Based Testing Deferment.Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE · 2025Article
- Air entrapment causing ventricular oversensing early after implantation of an extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.HeartRhythm case reports · 2024Article
- Incidence, implications, and management of sense-B-noise failure in subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillator patients: insights from a large multicentre registry.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2024Article
- Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients implanted with a transvenous or subcutaneous defibrillator.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- S-ICD Implantation "Tips and Tricks".Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- Sense-B-noise: an enigmatic cause for inappropriate shocks in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- Shockingly shiny shoes-Inappropriate discharge from a subcutaneous defibrillator.HeartRhythm case reports · 2023Article
- The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be reserved for niche indications.Heart rhythm O2 · 2022Article
- Air entrapment as a cause of early inappropriate shocks after subcutaneous defibrillator implant: A case series.Indian pacing and electrophysiology journalArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsAir entrapment (AE) has been reported as a potential cause of early inappropriate shocks (ISs) following subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation, but a cause-effect relationship is not always evident. This systematic review aims to analyse this phenomenon concerning implantation techniques, electrogram (EGM) features, radiologic findings, and patient management. METHODS AND
resultsA systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases following the PRISMA guidelines to obtain all available literature data since 2010 on S-ICD malfunctions possibly due to AE. The final analysis included 54 patients with AE as a potential cause of S-ICD malfunction. Overall, the aggregate incidence of this condition was 1.2%. Of ICD malfunctions possibly due to AE, 93% were ISs, and 95% were recorded within the first week following implantation. Radiologic diagnosis of AE was confirmed in 28% of the entire study cohort and in 68% of patients in whom this diagnostic examination was reported. At the time of device malfunction, EGMs showed artefacts, baseline drift, and QRS voltage reduction in 95, 76, and 67% of episodes, respectively. Management included ICD reprogramming or testing, no action (observation), and invasive implant revision in 57, 33, and 10% of patients, respectively. No recurrences occurred during follow-up, irrespective of management performed.
conclusionsDevice malfunction possibly due to AE may occur in ∼1% of S-ICD recipients. Diagnosis is strongly suggested by early occurrence, characteristic EGM features, and radiologic findings. Non-invasive management, principally device reprogramming, appears to be effective in most patients.
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