ReviewJournal of Korean medical science2022
Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on Respiratory Viruses Other Than SARS-CoV-2: Analysis of Laboratory Surveillance and Literature Review From 2018 to 2021.
Review in Journal of Korean medical science, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiological shifts in pediatric respiratory pathogens in Shenzhen, China: impacts of COVID-19 control measures and relaxation.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human rhinovirus in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute respiratory infections: a longitudinal study in Shenzhen, China (2019-2024).Virology journal · 2025Article
- The epidemic trend of rhinovirus in children from 2013 to 2023: a large sample study in China.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Effects of K-12 School District Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Community-Level Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 2025: emerging trends and insights from community and hospital-based respiratory panel analyses-a comprehensive review.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Hidden in plain sight: the impact of human rhinovirus infection in adults.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- Distinct seasonality and increased respiratory failure in RSV patients < 2 years of age after emergence of SARS-CoV-2: data from the multicentric, prospective PAPI study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic measures on hospitalizations and epidemiological patterns of twelve respiratory pathogens in children with acute respiratory infections in southern China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influence of respiratory disease experiences on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: a study from Southeastern Louisiana.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Temporal Trends in Respiratory Infection Epidemics Among Pediatric Inpatients Throughout the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic From 2018 to 2023 in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of human respiratory tract infection in Chongqing, China after COVID-19-based on surveillance data encompassing 17 respiratory pathogens.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Burden of lower respiratory infections in five East Asian countries from 1990 to 2021: observation, comparison, and forecast from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of eleven common respiratory viral infections in children.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Article
- Respiratory pathogen dynamics in community fever cases: Jiangsu Province, China (2023-2024).Virology journal · 2024Article
- Trends in Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals during COVID-19 Pandemic, South Korea.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of Respiratory Viruses in Korean Children Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Study From National Surveillance System.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 pandemic non-pharmacologic interventions temporally associated with reduced pediatric infections due toMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- [COVID-19 and the predominant groups of preventive behaviors and associated factors: semi-urban area].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2024Article
- Influence of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory viral infections - a prospective population-based cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) such as extensive and comprehensive hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing have been implemented globally. This study aimed to investigate changes in respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that occurred following the implementation of these NPIs.
methodsFrom January 2018 to December 2021, influenza-like illness patient specimens and specimens from the Korea Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Surveillance System were analyzed at the Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment. Oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swab samples from respiratory infection patients were transferred in a virus transport medium at 4°C. After RNA or DNA extraction, respiratory virus-specific genes for human influenza virus (IFV), adenovirus (ADV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (hRV), human coronavirus, human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus were detected by individual real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
resultsA total 3,334 samples were collected. After NPI was implemented, the detection of respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 decreased overall. The yearly detection rate of respiratory viruses was decreased from 69.5% (399/574) in 2018 and 73.3% (505/689) in 2019 to 19.8% (206/1,043) in 2020 and 34.9% (365/1,028) in 2021. The epidemic was more prominent in respiratory viruses such as IFV and RSV, which were considered dominant viruses, especially those with viral envelopes. Among viruses that were not considered dominant, hRV showed no clear change before and after NPI, while PIV showed a rapid increase compared to the existing dominant viruses between October-December 2021, after the increase in the number of gatherings started at the end of September and the "Relaxing COVID19 and mitigation policy," which was implemented on November 1.
conclusionNPI seems to have influenced the isolation and transmission of respiratory viruses in South Korea. In the future, additional studies focusing on the isolation and transmission patterns of respiratory viruses following NPI are needed.
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