Efficient multiple treatments including molecular targeting agents in a case of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma, post-living donor liver transplantation.

Despite the promising efficacies of recently developed molecular targeting therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma, their role in liver transplantation is unknown. Here we report that multidisciplinary treatment, including novel molecular targeting therapy with lenvatinib, achieved long-term survival of a patient with post-liver transplantation recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. A 62 year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria, arising from hepatitis B virus-associated cirrhotic liver, underwent living donor liver transplantation. However, alpha-fetoprotein level increased a month post-transplantation, and pleural dissemination and lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lung were detected. The patient was initially treated with sorafenib and rapamycin, right pleurectomy and upper and middle lobectomies were attempted as the second treatment. However, remnant tumors started to grow. Subsequently, the newly molecular targeting agents; regorafenib and lenvatinib, approved for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan, were administered. Lenvatinib efficiently reduced tumor volumes and the alpha-fetoprotein level, which contributed to maintaining better quality of life for 26 months as an outpatient. Unfortunately, sepsis caused by cholangitis and liver abscess required the discontinuation of lenvatinib, and the patient died 73 months after the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Multidisciplinary treatment including lenvatinib is potentially acceptable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation.