A novel tumor-homing TRAIL variant eradicates tumor xenografts of refractory colorectal cancer cells in combination with tumor cell-targeted photodynamic therapy.

Multidrug resistance (MDR), which is common in colorectal cancer (CRC), induces high mortality in patients. Due to its robust and selective apoptosis induction in some CRC cells with MDR, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is attractive as a novel tool for CRC therapy. However, TRAIL is limited by its poor tumor-homing ability and inefficient apoptosis induction in CRC cells expressing low levels of death receptor (DR). Here, the tumor-homing RGR peptide (CRGRRST) was fused to TRAIL to produce RGR-TRAIL. Compared with TRAIL, RGR-TRAIL showed greater cell binding and cytotoxicity in CRC cells. In addition, RGR-TRAIL exerted significantly enhanced tumor uptake and growth suppression in mice bearing CRC tumor xenografts. Notably, RGR-TRAIL eradicated all tumor xenografts of DR-overexpressing COLO205 cells. However, TRAIL only showed mild tumor growth suppression under the same conditions, indicating that RGR fusion significantly increased the antitumor effect of TRAIL in DR-overexpressing CRC cells by improving tumor homing. Nevertheless, RGR fusion did not significantly enhance the antitumor effect of TRAIL in HT29 cells expressing low levels of DR. We found that DR expression in HT29 cells was enhanced by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, both the