ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Time-Dependent Increase in Susceptibility and Severity of Secondary Bacterial Infections During SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pulmonary Drug Delivery for Infectious Diseases: Cutting-Edge Formulations and Manufacturing Technologies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Local and systemic host responses to influenza and concurrent or sequential SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Recent Trends in Hospitalizations for Infection in the First Year After Heart Transplantation.Annals of thoracic surgery short reports · 2025Article
- Altered microbiota of the lower respiratory tract and its association with COVID-19 severity analysed by metagenomics and metatranscriptomics.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Post-pandemic upsurge in Group AMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on mortality in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation: a retrospective cohort study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Public health management of pertussis in adults: Practical challenges and future strategies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Respiratory infections predominate after day 100 following B-cell maturation antigen-directed CAR T-cell therapy.Blood advances · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and Its Bacterial Co- or Super-Infections Synergize to Trigger COVID-19 Autoimmune Cardiopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Future trajectory of SARS-CoV-2: Constant spillover back and forth between humans and animals.Virus research · 2023Review
- Article
- Reduced monocyte proportions and responsiveness in convalescent COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination and the Risk of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Complementary Sets of Autoantibodies Induced by SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus and Bacterial Antigens Cross-React with Human Blood Protein Antigens in COVID-19 Coagulopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Increased virus dissemination leads to enhanced lung injury but not inflammation during influenza-associated secondary bacterial infection.FEMS microbes · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections can exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their prevalence and impact remain poorly understood. Here, we established that a mild to moderate infection with the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain increased the risk of pneumococcal (type 2 strain D39) coinfection in a time-dependent, but sex-independent, manner in the transgenic K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19. Bacterial coinfection increased lethality when the bacteria was initiated at 5 or 7 d post-virus infection (pvi) but not at 3 d pvi. Bacterial outgrowth was accompanied by neutrophilia in the groups coinfected at 7 d pvi and reductions in B cells, T cells, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and LIF were present in groups coinfected at 5 d pvi. However, viral burden, lung pathology, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell activation were largely unchanged after bacterial coinfection. Examining surviving animals more than a week after infection resolution suggested that immune cell activation remained high and was exacerbated in the lungs of coinfected animals compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 increases susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection, and further studies are needed to understand and combat disease associated with bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.