ArticleVaccines2022
Out-of-Season Influenza during a COVID-19 Void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature Matters.
Article in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping Sub-National Respiratory Virus Circulation in Cambodia Using Metatranscriptomic Sequencing: A Multi-Center Hospital-Based Surveillance Study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Epidemic Pattern Changes in Influenza A and B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pediatric Respiratory Infections During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions in Northwest China.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Metagenomic surveillance reveals off-season circulation of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Salvador, Brazil.New microbes and new infections · 2026Article
- Swiss community-based surveillance of respiratory virus co-occurrence in 2022-2024.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Respiratory viral coinfections: interactions, mechanisms and clinical implications.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Experimental Models to Investigate Viral and Cellular Dynamics in Respiratory Viral Co-Infections.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses in Respiratory Specimens Using the VitaSIRODiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Duration of COVID-19 symptoms in children: a longitudinal study in a Rio de Janeiro favela, Brazil.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Patterns of the Circulation of Influenza in a Targeted Jordanian Subpopulation from November 2021 to April 2023.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Multi-Year Analysis of Respiratory Viral Dynamics Reveals Significance of Rhinovirus in Young Children with Severe Respiratory Illness.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Distinct seasonality and increased respiratory failure in RSV patients < 2 years of age after emergence of SARS-CoV-2: data from the multicentric, prospective PAPI study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Clinical Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adults: A Neglected Disease?Viruses · 2023Article
- The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Influenza Transmission in Poland.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- What's Next for Flu? Out-of-Season Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Southern Italy, August 2022.Viruses · 2022Article
- Understanding the rebound of influenza in the post COVID-19 pandemic period holds important clues for epidemiology and control.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
An out-of-season H3N2 type A influenza epidemic occurred in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during October-November 2021, in between the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 surges, which occurred in July-October 2021 and January-April 2022, respectively. We assessed the contribution of climate change and influenza immunization coverage in this unique, little publicized phenomenon. State weather patterns during the influenza epidemic were significantly different from the five preceding years, matching typical winter temperatures, associated with the out-of-season influenza. We also found a mismatch between influenza vaccine strains used in the winter of 2021 (trivalent vaccine with two type A strains (Victoria/2570/2019 H1N1, Hong Kong/2671/2019 H3N2) and one type B strain (Washington/02/2019, wild type) and the circulating influenza strain responsible for the epidemic (H3N2 Darwin type A influenza strain). In addition, in 2021, there was poor influenza vaccine coverage with only 56% of the population over 6 months old immunized. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, we should be prepared for out-of-season outbreaks of other respiratory viruses in periods of COVID-19 remission, which underscore novel disease dynamics in the pandemic era. The availability of year-round influenza vaccines could help avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality given that antibodies rapidly wane. Moreover, this would enable unimmunized individuals to have additional opportunities to vaccinate during out-of-season outbreaks.
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