ArticleVaccines2022
The Effect of Waning on Antibody Levels and Memory B Cell Recall following SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Vaccination.
Article in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extending ImmunoSpotVaccines · 2026Article
- AnScience immunology · 2025Article
- Ethnic Comparisons of Spike-Specific CD4+ T Cells, Serological Responses, and Neutralizing Antibody Titers Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Immunity in COVID-19-Naive Vaccinated Individuals with and Without Spike Protein IgG Antibodies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Persistent IgG1 clones dominate and personalize the plasma antibody repertoire.Science advances · 2025Article
- Estimating actual SARS-CoV-2 infections from secondary data.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Contribution of infection and vaccination to population-level seroprevalence through two COVID waves in Tamil Nadu, India.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Long-term COVID-19 vaccine- and Omicron infection-induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Initial mRNA Vaccine Response with a Lower Impact on Long-Term Immunity.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- Cross protection to SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters with naturally-acquired immunity.Virology journal · 2023Article
- New-Onset Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Following SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Vaccine: A Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Review
- Slower Waning of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Levels Six Months after the Booster Dose Compared to Primary Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Kinetic of the Antibody Response Following AddaVax-Adjuvanted Immunization with Recombinant Influenza Antigens.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In order to longitudinally track SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after vaccination or infection, we assessed anti-RBD antibody levels in over 1000 people and found no significant decrease in antibody levels during the first 14 months after infection in unvaccinated participants, however, a significant waning of antibody levels was observed following vaccination. Participants who were pre-immune to SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination seroconverted to higher antibody levels, which were maintained at higher levels than in previously infected, unvaccinated participants. Older participants exhibited lower level of antibodies after vaccination, but a higher level after infection than younger people. The rate of antibody waning was not affected by pre-immunity or age. Participants who received a third dose of an mRNA vaccine not only increased their antibody levels ~14-fold, but also had ~3 times more antibodies compared to when they received their primary vaccine series. PBMC-derived memory B cells from 13 participants who lost all circulating antibodies were differentiated into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). There was a significant recall of memory B cell ASCs in the absence of serum antibodies in 5-8 of the 10 vaccinated participants, but not in any of the 3 infected participants, suggesting a strong connection between antibody levels and the effectiveness of memory B cell recall.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.