ArticlePharmaceutics2022
Dose-Response Association of Metformin with Parkinson's Disease Odds in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of psoriasis in people with hidradenitis suppurativa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Metformin versus DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of parkinsonism in type 2 diabetes: an active-comparator cohort study with a landmark design.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Repurposing Antidiabetic Medications for Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Biomarker Strategies for Disease Modification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Is Parkinson's disease getting older? Demographic and modifiable determinants of age at onset in a large Italian tertiary care cohort.Journal of neurology · 2026Observational
- Controversial effects of metformin on human physiology and pathophysiology.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Targeting of the PI3 K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: A Therapeutic Blueprint.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- SGLT2 inhibitors vs. metformin for Parkinson's disease risk reduction in type 2 diabetes.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025 · on this mapObservational
- From Diabetes to Degenerative Diseases: The Multifaceted Action of Metformin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Overview of Metformin and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Dose-Dependent Relationship Between Long-Term Metformin Use and the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Article
- Metformin's Effects on Cognitive Function from a Biovariance Perspective: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mitochondria and the Repurposing of Diabetes Drugs for Off-Label Health Benefits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Insulin Resistance Is a Modifying Factor for Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Article
- Metformin role in Parkinson's disease: a double-sword effect.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Review
- Antidiabetic drugs in Parkinson's disease.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- Review
- Metformin Impedes Oxidation of LDL In Vitro.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- The Correlation between Metformin Use and Incident Dementia in Patients with New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Dose-response association of metformin use and risk of age-related macular degeneration among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Increased Risk of Hypothyroidism in People with Asthma: Evidence from a Real-World Population-Based Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background. Studies have demonstrated that patients with diabetes mellitus who receive metformin have a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, studies have also suggested that metformin may increase the risk of PD. In this study, we investigated whether metformin use was associated with the risk of PD in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. In this population-based cross-sectional study, patients with T2DM diagnosed between 2001 and 2018 were enrolled. We categorized these patients as metformin users or nonusers. Participants below 50 years old were excluded. Two models were employed to evaluate the associations of metformin exposure and use intensity with PD after 3 and 5 years of follow-up. Results. Patients with T2DM who received <300 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDD) of metformin and those with metformin use intensity of <10 DDD/month had respective odds ratios (ORs) for PD of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83−0.94) and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.81−0.93) in a 3-year follow-up. In a 5-year follow-up, such patients had respective ORs for PD of 0.94 (95% CI = 0.90−0.98) and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.89−0.98). Patients with T2DM who received ≥300 cDDD of metformin or used metformin with intensity of ≥10 DDD/month experienced no neuroprotective effects after 3 or 5 years. Conclusions. Metformin was associated with PD odds in T2DM in a dose−response association manner. Patients who received low dosage and intensity of metformin use were associated with lower odds of PD, while higher dosage and intensity of metformin use had no neuroprotective effect.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.