ArticlePharmaceutics2022
3D Printed Mini-Floating-Polypill for Parkinson's Disease: Combination of Levodopa, Benserazide, and Pramipexole in Various Dosing for Personalized Therapy.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- 3D-printed polypills for personalized medicine and precision oral drug delivery in pharmaceutical practice: A review.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Three-Dimensional Printing for Precision and Personalized Patient Care: A New Paradigm for Pharmacy Practice?Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Beyond Dysphagia in Parkinson's Disease: 3D Printing of Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs) for Optimized Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Extemporaneous Compounding, Pharmacy Preparations and Related Product Care in the Netherlands.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Revealing Three-Dimensional Printing Technology Advances for Oral Drug Delivery: Application to Central-Nervous-System-Related Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The Future of Medicine: How 3D Printing Is Transforming Pharmaceuticals.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Pharmaceutical 3D Printing Technology Integrating Nanomaterials and Nanodevices for Precision Neurological Therapies.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- 3D printing in medicine: bridging imaging, education, and practice.Archives of medical sciences. Atherosclerotic diseases · 2025Article
- Fabrication of Polypill Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing: A Systematic Review.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Expanding the Manufacturing Approaches for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems with 3D Printing Technology.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- 3D printing processes in precise drug delivery for personalized medicine.Biofabrication · 2024Review
- Review
- Fused Deposition Modelling 3D-Printed Gastro-Retentive Floating Device for Propranolol Hcl Tablets.Polymers · 2023Article
- A Review of the Benefits 3D Printing Brings to Patients with Neurological Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Hydrophilic High Drug-Loaded 3D Printed Gastroretentive System with Robust Release Kinetics.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Orodispersible Films-Current State of the Art, Limitations, Advances and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- 3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Polymeric Excipients in the Technology of Floating Drug Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Therapy for Parkinson’s disease is quite challenging. Numerous drugs are available for symptomatic treatment, and levodopa (LD), in combination with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., benserazide (BZ)), has been the drug of choice for years. As the disease progresses, therapy must be supplemented with a dopamine agonist (e.g., pramipexole (PDM)). Side effects increase, as do the required dose and dosing intervals. For these specific requirements of drug therapy, the 3D printing method fused deposition modelling (FDM) was applied in this study for personalized therapy. Hot melt extrusion was utilized to produce two different compositions into filaments: PDM and polyvinyl alcohol for rapid drug release and a fixed combination of LD/BZ (4:1) in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer matrix for prolonged drug release. Since LD is absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, a formulation that floats in gastric fluid was desired to prolong API absorption. Using the FDM 3D printing process, different polypill geometries were printed from both filaments, with variable dosages. Dosage forms with 15−180 mg LD could be printed, showing similar release rates (f2 > 50). In addition, a mini drug delivery dosage form was printed that released 75% LD/BZ within 750 min and could be used as a gastric retentive drug delivery system due to the floating properties of the composition. The floating mini-polypill was designed to accommodate patients’ swallowing difficulties and to allow for individualized dosing with an API release over a longer period of time.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.