ArticleNutrients2022
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are Present in Amniotic Fluid and Show Specific Patterns Dependent on Gestational Age.
Article in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of Manufactured Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- A human milk oligosaccharide alters the microbiome, circulating hormones, and metabolites in a randomized controlled trial of older adults.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Short-term modulation of human milk oligosaccharides in plasma and milk by glucose and insulin: insights into postpartum metabolic regulation.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Human milk oligosaccharides promote synaptogenesis and neurite outgrowth in human cortical organoids.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Human milk oligosaccharide composition, concentrations and association with maternal factors in the multi-ethnic Asian GUSTO cohort.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- "Microbial and immune modulation by 2'-fucosyllactose supplementation during gestation: a strategy to prevent food allergies".Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Metabolic Status on Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Central South China.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- The potential immunomodulatory role of human milk oligosaccharides in prevention of viral infections and development of asthma in early life.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Evolutionary bridges: how factors present in amniotic fluid and human milk help mature the gut.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Review
- Longitudinal quantification of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals late colonization in the infant gut independent of maternal milk HMO composition.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Shaping Microbiota During the First 1000 Days of Life.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Prenatal Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in the Context of BMI, Gestational Weight Gain, and Lipid Profile-An Association Study in Pregnant Women with Overweight or Obesity.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2024Article
- Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Maternal Serum Respond to Oral Glucose Load and Are Associated with Insulin Sensitivity.Nutrients · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
(1) Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are already found in maternal circulation in early pregnancy, changing with gestational age. HMOs are also present in cord blood and amniotic fluid (AF). We aimed to assess HMO profiles in AF over the course of gestation. (2) Methods: AF was collected during diagnostic amniocentesis, fetal surgery, or C-section from 77 women with a gestational age of ranging from 14.3 to 40.9 weeks. Samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. (3) Results: We found lactose and up to 16 HMO structures in all AF samples investigated, starting at 14 weeks of gestation. Overall, 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL) and 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) were the most abundant HMOs. Individual and total HMO concentrations were significantly positively correlated with gestational age. HMO composition also changed between early, mid- and late pregnancy, with relative concentrations of 3'SL significantly decreasing (44%, 25%, 24%) and 2'FL increasing (7%, 13%, 21%), respectively. (4) Conclusion: Our study shows that HMOs are already present in AF early in pregnancy. This demonstrates extensive contact of the fetus with a broad variety of HMOs, suggesting roles for HMOs in fetal tissue development during the time course of pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.