ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
How Income and Income Inequality Drive Depressive Symptoms in U.S. Adults, Does Sex Matter: 2005-2016.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gender differences in the effects of economic inequality on mental conditions: a multivariate meta-analysis of Gini index and relative income position in high-income OECD countries.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Occupational Risk Factors for Burnout Syndrome Among Healthcare Professionals: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and depression symptom severity among U.S. adults: A multivariable analysis of NHANES data.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic Status and Depression Among Older Adults with Disabilities in Korea: The Mediating Role of Social Support and the Moderating Effects of Self-Esteem and Public Service Utilization.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- COVID-19 and risk of first-time major depressive disorder in patients without history of psychiatric disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2026Observational
- The Contributions of Multiple Polygenic Scores in Predicting Liability for Major Depressive Disorder and Its Comorbidity with Alcohol Use Disorder.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Quality of Life Impact of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency: The Role of Social Determinants of Health.The Laryngoscope · 2026Article
- The Role of the Neighborhood Social Environment on Adulthood Depression: Insights from Midlife in the United States III.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- A Bayesian approach for exploring the effects of household income on self-reported mental health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- The relationship between social risk profile of middle-aged and older adults in the united States and circadian syndrome and all-cause mortality: evidence from NHANES 2007-2018.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Optimism, pessimism, and depressive symptoms: Stability and predictive effects among climate migrants in the United States.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Article
- Symptoms of Mental Health Conditions and Their Predictors Among U.S. Adults During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prediction of depressive disorder using machine learning approaches: findings from the NHANES.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic disparities in depression risk: Limitations of the moderate effect of physical activity changes in Korea.PloS one · 2025Article
- Relationship of the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) with depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Mental Health, Socioeconomic Position, and Oral Health: A Path Analysis.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- The relationship between self-reported antipsychotics side effects and depression in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Association between a body shape index and female infertility: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Depression among general outpatient department attendees in selected hospitals in Somalia: magnitude and associated factors.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
importanceDepression is one of the leading causes of disability in the United States. Depression prevalence varies by income and sex, but more evidence is needed on the role income inequality may play in these associations.
objectiveTo examine the association between the Poverty to Income Ratio (PIR)-as a proxy for income-and depressive symptoms in adults ages 20 years and older, and to test how depression was concentrated among PIR.
designUsing the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we employed Negative Binomial Regression (NBRG) in a sample of 24,166 adults. We used a 9-item PHQ (Public Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) to measure the presence of depressive symptoms as an outcome variable. Additionally, we plotted a concentration curve to explain how depression is distributed among PIR.
resultsIn comparison with high-income, the low-income population in the study suffered more from greater than or equal to ten on the PHQ-9 by 4.5 and 3.5 times, respectively. The results of NBRG have shown that people with low-PIR (IRR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23-1.37) and medium-PIR (IRR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.46-1.65) have experienced a higher relative risk ratio of having depressive symptoms. Women have a higher IRR (IRR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.24-1.34) than men. We observed that depression was concentrated among low-PIR men and women, with a higher concentration among women. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Addressing depression should target low-income populations and populations with higher income inequality.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.