ArticleBiology2022
Smile Reproducibility and Its Relationship to Self-Perceived Smile Attractiveness.
Article in Biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The effect of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness: a systematic review.Progress in orthodontics · 2023Pooled it
- Association Between Facial Profile Attractiveness and Full-Face Attractiveness in Individuals With Convex Facial Profiles.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2026Article
- Influence of facial shape on perceived attractiveness.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Upper lip elevation in autonomous maximal smile: A three-dimensional facial imaging study.Korean journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- 3D analysis of smile transformation in patients with class III deformities following orthognathic surgery: a stereophotogrammetric study : Original Article.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Validating nonverbal cues for assessing physician empathy in telemedicine: a Delphi study.Medical education online · 2025Article
- [Three-dimensional morphological analysis of posed smile].Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences · 2025Article
- Clear Aligners and Smart Eye Tracking Technology as a New Communication Strategy between Ethical and Legal Issues.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Influence of Lip Appearances and Tooth Shade on Smile Attractiveness Perception.International journal of dentistry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The reproducibility of facial expressions has been previously explored, however, there is no detailed information regarding the reproducibility of lip morphology forming a social smile. In this study, we recruited 93 young adults, aged 21−35 years old, who agreed to participate in two consecutive study visits four weeks apart. On each visit, they were asked to perform a social smile, which was captured on a 3D facial image acquired using the 3dMD camera system. Assessments of self-perceived smile attractiveness were also performed using a VAS scale. Lip morphology, including smile shape, was described using 62 landmarks and semi-landmarks. A Procrustes superimposition of each set of smiling configurations (first and second visit) was performed and the Euclidean distance between each landmark set was calculated. A linear regression model was used to test the association between smile consistency and self-perceived smile attractiveness. The results show that the average landmark distance between sessions did not exceed 1.5 mm, indicating high repeatability, and that females presented approximately 15% higher smile consistecy than males (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between smile consistency and self-perceived smile attractiveness (η2 = 0.015; p = 0.252), when controlling for the effect of sex and age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.