SynthesisBMJ open2022
Triple-negative breast cancer prevalence in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The translational chasm in machine learning for triple-negative breast cancer: a quantitative landscape assessment.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Breast Cancer Phenotypes in Africa: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis.JCO global oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with triple-negative breast cancer: real world results from Western Kenya.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Precision oncology without borders: the role of biobanking in integrating Africa's genetic diversity into global genomic research.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Review
- TLR7 signature of tumour innervation reveals two distinct pathways of triple-negative breast cancer progression.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors: The role of c-Cbl, Cdc42, and miRNAs in breast cancer.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Review
- Etiology of gene expression-based subtypes of breast cancer in the Ghana Breast Health Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Interventions to Improve Breast Screening Uptake for Black African Women in High Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Beyond mammography: Superior performance of ultrasound in early-onset breast cancer implications for age-specific, density-tailored screening.Turkish journal of surgery · 2026Article
- Global burden and trends of breast cancer: GLOBOCAN 2022 estimates of incidence and mortality in 185 countries.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Assessing ethnic inequalities in diagnostic intervals of breast cancer among patients presenting symptoms to general practitioners in England.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Molecular subtypes of breast cancer in Jamaican women: high prevalence of triple-negative and HER2 + disease.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Triple-negative breast cancer, pregnancy, and HLA alloreactivity: a cause for concern?Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Impact of Distinct Molecular and Immunological Features of Breast Cancer on the Effectiveness of Therapies in Ghana.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2026Review
- Article
- PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway expression profiling reveals age- and subtype-specific molecular heterogeneity in the Nigerian breast cancer landscape.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Late-Stage Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Ghana: Needs for Patient and Public Education.Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education · 2025Article
- Comparison of clinicopathological features and survival in triple-negative and non-triple-negative breast cancer patients in Tanzania.The oncologist · 2025Article
- Reclassifying Menopausal Breast Cancer and Assessing Non-Genetic Risk Factors in Ghanaian Women: Insights from a Cohort Study.Cancers · 2025Article
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Unveiled: Bridging Science, Treatment Strategy, and Economic Aspects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype disproportionately affects women of African ancestry across the diaspora, but its frequency across Africa has not been widely studied. This study seeks to estimate the frequency of TNBC among African populations.
designSystematic review and meta-analysis using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, African Journals Online and Web of Science were searched on 25 April 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: We included studies that use breast cancer tissue samples from indigenous African women with sample size of eligible participants ≥40 and full receptor status for all three receptors (oestrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)) reported. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the modified assessment tool by Hoy
results1808 potentially eligible studies were identified of which 67 were included in the systematic review and 60 were included in the meta- analysis. Pooled TNBC frequency across African countries represented was estimated to be 27.0%; 95% CI: 24.0% to 30.2%, I
conclusionTNBC frequency was variable with the highest frequency reported in West Africa. Greater emphasis should be placed on establishing protocols for assessing receptor status due to the variability among studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.