ArticlePloS one2022
Sex differences in outcomes from mild traumatic brain injury eight years post-injury.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of loss of consciousness on clinical outcomes in mild traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence of anxiety after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2024Pooled it
- FcγR- and CD9-dependent synapse-engulfing microglia in the thalamus drive cognitive impairment following cortical brain damage in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Assessment and Management of Post-traumatic Headache.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Traumatic brain injury exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction in APP/PS1 knock-in mice through time-dependent pathways.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Evaluating Chronic Sex-Specific Changes in Glutamatergic Signaling Markers Following Traumatic Brain Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Management and Prognosis of Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Differential associations of mental health, mild traumatic brain injury and substance use between male and female university students.PloS one · 2026Article
- Sex differences in plasma endocannabinoids and related lipids before and after single and repeated mTBI: an exploratory study of endolipid plasma biomarkers.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on the Gut Microbiome and Acoustic Startle Response in Male and Female Rats.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Article
- Alcohol use, vision therapy, children, mood … what predicts post-traumatic growth after concussion in women?Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Changes in peripheral blood and cognitive performance after nonconcussive head impacts in elite female soccer players.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Traumatic brain injury exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction in APP/PS1 knock-in mice through time-dependent pathways.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Mild Repetitive Head Injury in Awake Rats: Modeling the Human Experience and Clinical Condition.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
- Examining and comparing the clinical characteristics of adults with persisting post-concussion symptoms presenting for outpatient rehabilitation following a mild traumatic brain injury or a minimal head injury.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- Impacts of traumatic brain injury severity and sex on sleep architecture, duration, and fragmentation.Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2025Article
- Diffuse traumatic brain injury induced stimulator of interferons (STING) signaling in microglia drives cortical neuroinflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and impaired cognition.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Activation of Cytosolic Cathepsin B Activity in the Brain by Traumatic Brain Injury and Inhibition by the Neutral pH Selective Inhibitor Probe Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury Induced Stimulator of Interferons (STING) Signaling in Microglia Drives Cortical Neuroinflammation, Neuronal Dysfunction, and Impaired Cognition.Research square · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The long-term effects of mild TBI (mTBI) are not well understood, and there is an ongoing debate about whether there are sex differences in outcomes following mTBI. This study examined i) symptom burden and functional outcomes at 8-years post-injury in males and females following mTBI; ii) sex differences in outcomes at 8-years post-injury for those aged <45 years and ≥45 years and; iii) sex differences in outcomes for single and repetitive TBI. Adults (≥16 years at injury) identified as part of a population-based TBI incidence study (BIONIC) who experienced mTBI 8-years ago (N = 151) and a TBI-free sample (N = 151) completed self-report measures of symptoms and symptom burden (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist), and functional outcomes (Participation Assessments with Recombined Tools, Work Limitations Questionnaire). The mTBI group reported significantly greater post-concussion symptoms compared to the TBI-free group (F(1,298) = 26.84, p<.01, ηp2 = .08). Females with mTBI were twice as likely to exceed clinical cut-offs for post-concussive (X2 (1)>5.2, p<.05, V>.19) and PTSD symptoms (X2(1) = 6.10, p = .014, V = .20) compared to the other groups, and reported their health had the greatest impact on time-related work demands (F(1,171) = 4.36, p = .04, ηp2 = .03. There was no interaction between sex and age on outcomes. The repetitive mTBI group reported significantly greater post-concussion symptoms (F(1,147) = 9.80, p<.01, ηp2 = .06) compared to the single mTBI group. Twice the proportion of women with repetitive mTBI exceeded the clinical cut-offs for post-concussive (X2(1)>6.90, p<.01, V>.30), anxiety (X2(1)>3.95, p<.05, V>.23) and PTSD symptoms (X2(1)>5.11, p<.02, V>.26) compared with males with repetitive TBI or women with single TBI. Thus, at 8-years post-mTBI, people continued to report a high symptom burden. Women with mTBI, particularly those with a history of repetitive mTBI, had the greatest symptom burden and were most likely to have symptoms of clinical significance. When treating mTBI it is important to assess TBI history, particularly in women. This may help identify those at greatest risk of poor long-term outcomes to direct early treatment and intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.