ArticleeLife2022
Conditional and unconditional components of aversively motivated freezing, flight and darting in mice.
Article in eLife, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Fine mapping of PTSD GWAS reveals a role for amygdalabioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Rats use darting as a strategy to navigate between reward and safety during platform-mediated active avoidance under different social contexts.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A corticostriatal circuit mediates the switching of defensive responses to an approaching threat.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
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- Dentate gyrus and CA3 activity mediates light-tone second-order conditioning expression in mice.iScience · 2026Article
- Response dynamics of discrete subiculum→retrosplenial cortex projections underlying trace fear conditioning.iScience · 2026Article
- Darting during platform-mediated avoidance in male and female rats is spatially organized between reward and safety locations.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-specific exploration accounts for differences in valence learning in male and female mice.eLife · 2025Article
- Enhanced Fear Memory in Adult Male C57BL/6 Mice Following Low-Dose Isoflurane Exposure During Juvenile Development.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Evaluation of hippocampal DLGAP2 overexpression on cognition, synaptic function, and dendritic spine structure in a translationally relevant AD mouse model.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Safety learning during adolescence facilitates fear regulation in adult mice.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Differential modulation of freezing and 22-kHz USVs by shock intensity, tone-duration matching, and anxiety levels in rodent fear-conditioning paradigms.Learning & behavior · 2025Article
- An integrative assay for measuring social aversion and motivation in freely behaving mice.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- Article
- When Silence Breaks: The Influence of Pure Tones and White Noises on Conditioned Flight Responses.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- A contextual fear conditioning paradigm in head-fixed mice exploring virtual reality.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Generalization and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance in male and female rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Fear conditioning is one of the most frequently used laboratory procedures for modeling learning and memory generally, and anxiety disorders in particular. The conditional response (CR) used in the majority of fear conditioning studies in rodents is freezing. Recently, it has been reported that under certain conditions, running, jumping, or darting replaces freezing as the dominant CR. These findings raise both a critical methodological problem and an important theoretical issue. If only freezing is measured but rodents express their learning with a different response, then significant instances of learning, memory, or fear may be missed. In terms of theory, whatever conditions lead to these different behaviors may be a key to how animals transition between different defensive responses and different emotional states. In mice, we replicated these past results but along with several novel control conditions. Contrary to the prior conclusions, running and darting were primarily a result of nonassociative processes and were actually suppressed by associative learning. Darting and flight were taken to be analogous to nonassociative startle or alpha responses that are potentiated by fear. Additionally, associative processes had some impact on the topography of flight behavior. On the other hand, freezing was the purest reflection of associative learning. We also uncovered a rule that describes when these movements replace freezing: when afraid, freeze until there is a sudden novel change in stimulation, then burst into vigorous flight attempts. This rule may also govern the change from fear to panic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.