ArticleBMJ open2022
Sociodemographic characteristics and health access associated with COVID-19 infection and death: a cross-sectional study in Malang District, Indonesia.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Social determinants and COVID-19 mortality: Systematic review of the role of primary care].Atencion primaria · 2026Article
- Territorial Vulnerabilities and Healthcare Capacity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Spatiotemporal Study of Hospitalizations and Mortality in a Large Metropolitan Area in Brazil.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Association between vaccination uptake, vaccine type, and long COVID in rural Indonesia.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Is knowledge about COVID-19 associated with willingness to receive vaccine, vaccine uptake, and vaccine booster uptake in rural Malang, Indonesia?Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Sex and age differences in the COVID-19 mortality in East Jakarta, Indonesia: Analysis of COVID-19 surveillance system.Journal of public health in Africa · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aims to examine sociodemographic characteristics and health access associated with COVID-19 infection and death in Malang District, Indonesia.
designA non-random cross-sectional study.
settingPopulation in 390 villages in Malang District, East Java Province, Indonesia.
participantsWe used Malang District government COVID-19 contact tracing data from 14 264 individuals, spanning from 1 March 2020 to 29 July 2020. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variables in this study are COVID-19 infections and COVID-19 deaths. The associations between sociodemographic characteristics and health access of COVID-19 infection and death were analysed using multilevel logistic regression.
resultsAmong the 14 264 samples, 551 individuals were confirmed as being infected with COVID-19; 62 individuals died of COVID-19. Women, individuals with direct contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases and individuals with hypertension constituted the groups most vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Among respondents with confirmed COVID-19 cases, men, individuals aged 61 years and older, individuals with hypertension, and those diagnosed with pneumonia and respiratory failure were at higher risk of death. The number of community-based healthcare interventions was significantly associated with lower COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 mortality. Greater distance to a COVID-19 referral hospital increased risk of COVID-19 mortality.
conclusionsCOVID-19 infection and death were related not only to sociodemographic characteristics of individuals but also to the presence of community-based healthcare interventions and access to hospital care. Strategies in public health, including improving healthcare access, are required to reduce COVID-19 infections among the most susceptible groups in Indonesia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.