ArticlePloS one2022
Multilevel analysis of predictors of multiple indicators of childhood vaccination in Nigeria.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coverage and determinants of childhood immunization in Somalia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Determinants of Age-Appropriate Childhood Immunization Uptake: A Cross-Sectional Study of Caregiver, Child, Knowledge, Access, and Attitudinal Factors.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Assessing Geographic Inequalities in Childhood Immunisation Coverage: A Critical Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Methods.Vaccines · 2026Article
- "Is there a link between women's empowerment and childhood vaccination?": A multilevel analysis using the Philippines Demographic and Health Survey Data 2017 and 2022.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Magnitude of childhood immunization and its associated factors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A mixed effect count regression analysis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Serological evaluation of immunity againstHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Determinants of uptake of childhood immunization in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Feature representation in analysing childhood vaccination defaulter risk predictors: A scoping review of studies in low-resource settings.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of immunization among under-five children in Somalia.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Immunization status of children with cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional hospital-based study in Vietnam.PloS one · 2025Article
- Exploring the landscape of routine immunization in Nigeria: A scoping review of barriers and facilitators.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Article
- A multilevel analysis of the predictors of health facility delivery in Ghana: Evidence from the 2014 Demographic and Health Survey.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Tetanus and Diphtheria Seroprotection among Children Younger Than 15 Years in Nigeria, 2018: Who Are the Unprotected Children?Vaccines · 2023Article
- Conditional probability and ratio-based approaches for mapping the coverage of multi-dose vaccines.Statistics in medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Factors of Measles Vaccination Coverage in Niamey, Niger: A Multilevel Analysis.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSubstantial inequalities exist in childhood vaccination coverage levels. To increase vaccine uptake, factors that predict vaccination coverage in children should be identified and addressed.
methodsUsing data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and geospatial data sets, we fitted Bayesian multilevel binomial and multinomial logistic regression models to analyse independent predictors of three vaccination outcomes: receipt of the first dose of Pentavalent vaccine (containing diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, Hemophilus influenzae type B and Hepatitis B vaccines) (PENTA1) (n = 6059) and receipt of the third dose having received the first (PENTA3/1) (n = 3937) in children aged 12-23 months, and receipt of measles vaccine (MV) (n = 11839) among children aged 12-35 months.
resultsFactors associated with vaccination were broadly similar for documented versus recall evidence of vaccination. Based on any evidence of vaccination, we found that health card/document ownership, receipt of vitamin A and maternal educational level were significantly associated with each outcome. Although the coverage of each vaccine dose was higher in urban than rural areas, urban residence was not significant in multivariable analyses that included travel time. Indicators relating to socio-economic status, as well as ethnic group, skilled birth attendance, lower travel time to the nearest health facility and problems seeking health care were significantly associated with both PENTA1 and MV. Maternal religion was related to PENTA1 and PENTA3/1 and maternal age related to MV and PENTA3/1; other significant variables were associated with one outcome each. Substantial residual community level variances in different strata were observed in the fitted models for each outcome.
conclusionOur analysis has highlighted socio-demographic and health care access factors that affect not only beginning but completing the vaccination series in Nigeria. Other factors not measured by the DHS such as health service quality and community attitudes should also be investigated and addressed to tackle inequities in coverage.
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