ArticleDiabetologia2022
High levels of blood circulating immune checkpoint molecules in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes are associated with the risk of developing an additional autoimmune disease.
Article in Diabetologia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Progression of type 1 diabetes is associated with high levels of soluble PD-1 in islet autoantibody-positive children.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of immune checkpoint molecules and regulators in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisWe assessed the levels of blood circulating immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and determined their association with the risk of developing an additional autoimmune disorder over time.
methodsChildren with new-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 143), without biological and/or clinical signs of additional autoimmune disorders, and healthy children (n = 75) were enrolled, and blood circulating levels of 14 ICMs were measured. The children with type 1 diabetes were divided into two groups on the basis of the development of an additional autoimmune disease in the 5 years after diabetes onset. Differences in soluble ICM levels between the groups were assessed, and a Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate their association with the risk of development of an additional autoimmune disease over time. To validate the data, circulating ICMs were measured in an independent cohort of 60 children with new-onset type 1 diabetes stratified into two groups.
resultsWe found that the levels of circulating ICMs were significantly higher in children with new-onset diabetes compared with healthy children. Further, we observed that children with type 1 diabetes who developed a second autoimmune disease over time (T1D-AAD CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationOur findings suggest that soluble CD137/4-1BB and PD-1 molecules may be used as prognostic biomarkers in children with type 1 diabetes, and may pave the way for novel immunological screening at diabetes onset, allowing early identification of children at higher risk of developing other autoimmune conditions over time.
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