Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35608616›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2022

Risk of incident obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with type 1 diabetes: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

Ziyad Alshehri, Anuradhaa Subramanian, Nicola J Adderley, Krishna M Gokhale, Muhammad Ali Karamat, Clare J Ray, Prem Kumar, Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar, Abd A Tahrani

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetologia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 29% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Obesity in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Mood and sleep in young adults with type 1 diabetes.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2025
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Sleep Disturbances in Type 1 Diabetes and Mitigating Cardiovascular Risk.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Ziyad AlshehriInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Ziyad.alshehri@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-2344
Anuradhaa SubramanianInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-7363
Nicola J AdderleyInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0543-3254
Krishna M GokhaleInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Muhammad Ali KaramatDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
Clare J RayInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-1013
Prem KumarInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Krishnarajah NirantharakumarInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Abd A TahraniDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-1937
University of Birmingham · GBUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust · GBTaibah University · SA

Funding

Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisPeople with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnoea. However, it is not known whether people with type 1 diabetes are also at an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea. This study aimed to examine whether people with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of incident obstructive sleep apnoea compared with a matched cohort without type 1 diabetes.

methodsWe used a UK primary care database, The Health Improvement Network (THIN), to perform a retrospective cohort study between January 1995 and January 2018 comparing sleep apnoea incidence between patients with type 1 diabetes (exposed) and without type 1 diabetes (unexposed) (matched for age, sex, BMI and general practice). The outcome was incidence of obstructive sleep apnoea. Baseline covariates and characteristics were assessed at the start of the study based on the most recent value recorded prior to the index date. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios, based on a complete-case analysis.

resultsIn total, 34,147 exposed and 129,500 matched unexposed patients were included. The median follow-up time was 5.43 years ((IQR 2.19-10.11), and the mean BMI was 25.82 kg/m CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationIndividuals with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea compared with people without diabetes. Clinicians should suspect obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with type 1 diabetes if they are old, have obesity, are male, have atrial fibrillation or depression, or if they are taking lipid-lowering or antihypertensive drugs.

Indexed as

Atrial FibrillationDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Sleep Apnea, ObstructiveCohort StudiesFemaleHumansLipidsMaleObesityRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsLipidsDepressionObesitySleep apnoeaType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID35608616
PMCPMC9283161
OpenAlexW4281400695

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.