ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2022
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Stem Protein Nanoparticles Elicited Broad ADCC and Robust Neutralization against Variants in Mice.
Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral Food-Derived Proanthocyanidins as Immunostimulants: Enhanced Vaccine Immunogenicity via Host Immune Modulation in a Murine CSFV Model.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- A cocktail of SARS-CoV-2 S stem helix domain and receptor binding domain human monoclonal antibodies prevents the emergence of viral escape mutants.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- A cocktail of SARS-CoV-2 spike stem helix domain and receptor binding domain human monoclonal antibodies prevent the emerge of viral escape mutants.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Impact of influenza immune imprinting on immune responses to subsequent vaccinations in mice.Vaccine · 2025Article
- A Focus on the Mechanisms of Alteration in Host Lymphocyte Level Following Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) Infection.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 S2-only antigen provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.Nature communications · 2024Article
- An engineered recombinant protein containing three structural domains in SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein has potential to act as a pan-human coronavirus entry inhibitor or vaccine antigen.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Enhanced protective efficacy of a thermostable RBD-S2 vaccine formulation against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Chemical and biological conjugation strategies for the development of multivalent protein vaccine nanoparticles.Biopolymers · 2023Review
- A Review of Extracellular Vesicles in COVID-19 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Antibodies to S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Moderna mRNA vaccinated subjects sustain antibody-dependent NK cell-mediated cell cytotoxicity against Omicron BA.1.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Stem Protein Nanoparticles Elicited Broad ADCC and Robust Neutralization against Variants in Mice.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global pandemic. The virus is rapidly evolving, characterized by the emergence of several major variants. Stable prefusion spike protein (Pre) is the immunogen in current vaccines but is limited in protecting against different variants. Here, the immune responses induced by the relatively conserved stem subunit (S2) of spike protein versus Pre are investigated. Pre generates the most robust neutralization responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants in vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirus-based assessment but elicits less antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity than S2. By contrast, S2 induces the most balanced immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with potent and broad ADCC activity although produces weaker neutralization. The immunogenicity of S2 and Pre improves by incorporating the two proteins into double-layered protein nanoparticles. The resulting protein nanoparticles Pre/S2 elicit higher neutralizing antibodies than Pre alone, and stronger ADCC than S2 alone. Moreover, nanoparticles produce more potent and balanced serum IgG antibodies than the corresponding soluble protein mixture, and the immune responses are sustained for at least four months after the immunization. Thus, the double-layered protein nanoparticles have the potential to be developed into broader SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with excellent safety profiles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.