ArticleBMC oral health2022
Effects of mouth breathing on maxillofacial and airway development in children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation stages: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical significance of mouth breathing as a marker of severity in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Predictive Value of Neck-to-Height Ratio in Children with Moderate/Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Article
- Associations Between Halitosis and Craniofacial Morphology, Salivary Biochemical Parameters, and Mouth Breathing in Adult Patients with Malocclusion: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Open Mouth Posture Syndrome (OMPS): Classification.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Adenoid facies: a long-term vicious cycle of mouth breathing, adenoid hypertrophy, and atypical craniofacial development.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo examine the influence of mouth breathing on maxillofacial and airway development in children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation stages.
methodsLateral cephalometric radiograph of a total of 120 children and adolescents, 64 girls and 56 boys (7-15 years old), diagnosed with mouth breathing were examined. Maxillofacial hard tissue, soft tissue and airway measurements were obtained using both manual and digital techniques. Independent samples t-test was performed to compare the difference between the measured indexes and the standard values.
resultsAs for maxillofacial hard tissue, SNB (CS1-CS5), GoGn (CS1-CS5), ArGoNa (CS1-CS5), ArGo (CS1-CS2) and SNA (CS1-CS2) in mouth breathing children and adolescents were below the standard values (P < 0.05). NGoMe (CS1-CS5), SN-MP (CS1-CS4), SN-PP (CS1-CS4), PP-MP (CS1-CS3) and SN-GoGn (CS1-CS2) in mouth breathing children and adolescents were above the standard values (P < 0.05). As for maxillofacial soft tissue measurements, H angle (CS1-CS5), lower lip length (CS1-CS5), upper lip protrusion (CS1-CS5), upper lip length (CS1-CS4), lower lip protrusion (CS1-CS3), surface Angle (CS2-CS3) and nasolabial angle (CS2) in mouth breathing children and adolescents were above the standard values with statistically significance (P < 0.05). As for airway measurements, PAS (CS1, CS2, CS5) in mouth breathing children and adolescents was above the standard value with statistical significance (P < 0.05).
conclusionsMouth breathing had a real effect on maxillofacial and airway development, which differed among mouth breathing children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation.
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