ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Advances in the Management of Primary Membranous Nephropathy and Rituximab-Refractory Membranous Nephropathy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of adding voclosporin to standard treatment of lupus nephritis in adult patients: a meta-analysis and time-to-event analysis of randomized controlled trials.International urology and nephrology · 2026Pooled it
- Rituximab in pediatric refractory nephrotic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating therapeutic efficacy and adverse event profiles.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in refractory membranous nephropathy: a single-arm meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluating rituximab against cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a meta-analysis.European journal of medical research · 2025Pooled it
- The value of proteinuria for the administration of rituximab in patients with PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: a single-centre retrospective analysis.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of telitacicept for rituximab-refractory membranous nephropathy.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Comparison of efficacy and safety among four therapeutic regimens in primary membranous nephropathy with high anti-PLA2R antibody titers: a single-center retrospective cohort study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Article
- Research Advances in Rituximab-Resistant Membranous Nephropathy.Kidney medicine · 2026Review
- Obinutuzumab as a therapeutic option for SDNS children resistant to rituximab with anti-RTX antibodies.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Early-Stage B-cells Predict Relapse After Rituximab Treatment in Patients With Membranous Nephropathy.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Obinutuzumab versus rituximab in refractory membranous nephropathy: a single-center retrospective cohort study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Article
- Efficacy and safety of modified-dose obinutuzumab in the treatment of refractory membranous nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Obinutuzumab after anti-rituximab antibody-associated treatment failure in membranous nephropathy: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in patients with primary membranous nephropathy: a focus on refractory and rituximab-resistant patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Contemporary review of primary membranous nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Predicting membranous nephropathy remission: a nomogram based on early dynamic biomarkers.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Long-term outcomes in primary membranous nephropathy: a Chinese cohort study with novel target antigen.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Successful use of obinutuzumab in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with inadequate response to rituximab: a case report.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy (pMN) is an auto-immune disease characterized by auto-antibodies targeting podocyte antigens resulting in activation of complement and damage to the glomerular basement membrane. pMN is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults without diabetes. Despite a very heterogeneous course of the disease, the treatment of pMN has for many years been based on uniform management of all patients regardless of the severity of the disease. The identification of prognostic markers has radically changed the vision of pMN and allowed KDIGO guidelines to evolve in 2021 towards a more personalized management based on the assessment of the risk of progressive loss of kidney function. The recognition of pMN as an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease has rationalized the use immunosuppressive drugs such as rituximab. Rituximab is now a first line immunosuppressive therapy for patients with pMN with proven safety and efficacy achieving remission in 60-80% of patients. For the remaining 20-40% of patients, several mechanisms may explain rituximab resistance: (i) decreased rituximab bioavailability; (ii) immunization against rituximab; and (iii) chronic glomerular damage. The treatment of patients with rituximab-refractory pMN remains controversial and challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the management of pMN (according to the KDIGO 2021 guidelines), in the understanding of the pathophysiology of rituximab resistance, and in the management of rituximab-refractory pMN. We propose a treatment decision aid based on immunomonitoring to identify failures related to underdosing or immunization against rituximab to overcome treatment resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.